Essay --

The One and OnlyThe game of basketb all in all has always been changing. Players go in and out of the NBA forevery season, adding their own style and achievements. However, no one has ever had greater accomplishments than Michael Jordan. He was destined to be an all-star his whole life and performed that way throughout his career despite many hardships. Michael Jordan is one of the greatest basketball players of all time.Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 17, 1963. He has two brothers, James Jr. and Larry, and two sisters, Deloris and Roslyn. He moved with his siblings and parents, James Sr. and Deloris, to Wilmington, North Carolina onward he was one year old. He always loved to play sports as a boy. Although he played football and basketball as well, Jordans passion as a child was baseball. As a little league pitcher, he threw several no-hitters and led his team to as close as one game away from the Little League World Series. He was eventually pe e-peed Mr. Baseball in his age group in 1975 by the conspiracy Youth Baseball Association. Jordans talents continued to flourish as he transitioned into Laney High School in Wilmington. For one stretch, he had a 42-inning scoreless streak, a school record. Despite his outstanding achievements in baseball, he became extremely driven to excel as a basketball player. This was due to his older brother, Larry, who beat him in a game. It seemed like a very simple reason, but its all he needed to become the best he could be.As a 5 9 sophomore at Laney High, Jordan tried out for the varsity basketball team. However, he was not good enough to make the team and was passed over for another sophomore, 6 8 Leroy Smith. Jordan was heartbroken and quotedIt was embarrass... ...sted a year and a half. He took a short break in 2004 when he lent his name to a motorcycle racing team in order to create Michael Jordan Motorsports. However, he returned to the NBA in 2006 when he became part-owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. In March of 2010, he bought the team from absolute majority owner Robert Johnson which gave him full ownership. He is still the owner to this day.It may be opinion, but Michael Jordan is considered the best player to ever play basketball. His career stats and six NBA championships assemble him much farther ahead in the record books than anyone else. He is a true inspiration to every basketball player across the globe and is an figure of speech in the fashion and sports worlds. The entire game of basketball was revolutionized during his career as well. Michael Jordans stats and achievements prove he is one of the greatest players in basketball history.

john adams revolution Essay -- essays papers

john adams revolutionJohn Adams explains how the revolution began when he says, The Revolution was effected before the war commenced (37-38). The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people, proving there was a feeling of revolution as soon as people left England to come to the New World (25). The duel for America created a restlessness among the fencesitter minded Americans. However, mother England saw the necessity of holding her colonies. Eventually, tension is felt amid the two sides, resulting in colonial unity and the sovereignty of a refreshing republic. There were many causes and effects of the American Revolution.There were many causes that sparked Americas new sense of individuality (p.26). One of the first causes was the increased confidence in armed services strength, which caused a rise in colonial self-esteem. This increase in self-esteem was a result of the valuable gained from the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War, overly shattered the myth of British invincibility, showing the colonials that anything was possible. other cause of the colonials sense of individuality was that friction between Britain and the colonies rose. American settlers felt that they deserved credit sooner than contempt for risking their lives to secure a new world empire, where as the British refused to even recognize any American militia commission about the vagabond of a captain. Also, British official were further distressed by the reluctance of the colonials to support the common cause wholeheartedly. Also, individuality was a sense in the minds of the colonists the mean solar day they set foot on the new continent. Individuality began with the fact that to emigrate was to revel, and those who went to the New World, were in fact rebels because of the keep they put between themselves and Britain. Also, the distance between the New World and Britain, instigated individuality because of the long distance to travel between both places it left the colonies both physically and spiritually separated from the New World. The colonies knew that distance weakens authority, but great distances weaken authority even more than. The American environment also nurtured the feelings of independence because of the unchanging surroundings of England, coming to the New World offered a change of pace for the colonies because they now had their own world to ma... ...nies came together for one common cause and they werent going to back down (97). Finally, the revolution and the war tremendously effected America. One of the most significant results of the revolution and war on America was the signing of the Declaration of Independence in which the signers pledged all that they had or believed in to protect their independence. The Declaration of Independence stated what to ideal government was and what to colonies intended on doing to ensure the best possible environment and opportunities for years to come. Another effect of the revolutio n and war is that the United States borders were extended to Florida and the Mississippi River. As Thomas Jefferson started, by assembling such prestige groups of men, we have learned more and will continue to learn from these mens examples, rather than the examples of armies. In conclusion, the American Revolution did not radically change the entire political or mixer framework. People went on with their everyday lives, undisturbed by what was gong on. However, the revolution did help America to evolve into an independent nation, which could now live fearlessly perspicacious that anything was possible.

Garage Fraud Essay -- essays research papers

Garage Fraud and How to Prevent ItHave you ever wondered why it price you hundreds of dollars to get a belt changed on your car? The answer is simple Auto-repair dissimulator. According to Norris and Engels book Auto Repair Fraud, the number one consumer care in the country is auto repair fraud. Americans pay more than 29 billion dollars a year to service and repair vehicles. According to a trey year U.S. Senate sub-committee investigation into the auto repair industry, one-third of all car repair dollars, ten-billion dollars a year, is wasted on inadequate, inept, or corrupt service.Many raft are unaware just how much auto-repair fraud, or garage fraud takes place. It can take place anywhere from service stations who may manage light mechanic work, to a Garage which may fix tires, brakes, shocks, or transmissions. People can be taken advantage of in garage fraud in many ways. One way this can happen is by an attendant lying about labor, or the actual amount of time he spent o n your vehicle. Another method is by huge markups on replacement parts, or cleaning and painting your old part and selling it patronage to you. Lastly, the attendant may lie about what is actually wrong with your car and charge you for something far more expensive.These frauds take place because many people quit their vehicles unattended at shops or cant see what is going on inside the garage. Many times a p...

Kants Theses: Unknowability and Non-Spatiotemporality :: Kant Argumentative Argument Papers

Kants Theses Unknowability and Non-SpatiotemporalityIn the present paper is analyzed the relationship between Kants theses concerning unknowability and non-spatiotemporality of things in themselves. prototypic of all, it is argued that even by taking for granted that the Unknowability Thesis does non contradict the Non-Spatiotemporality Thesis, because the former grass be thought as a consequence of the latter, this is not enough to avoid another problem, namely, that the Non-Spatiotemporality Thesis is not sufficient to abolish the possibility of thinking consistently of pose and time as empirical or material. It is also remembered that this point has already been partially envisaged for the first time by H.A. Pistorius (and later by A. Trendelenburg) and raised as the objection of the third possibility or neglected alternative. Furthermore, it is maintained that although Kant tries to eliminate this possibility in the Metaphysical Expositions of Space and Time (but not in the A ntinomies), by attempting to prove that space and time be only formal necessary conditions of sensibility, he cannot do it successfully. Hereafter it is argued that his circumstance is not due to the above objection itself, but to another difficulty that can only be grasped through the analysis of Kants main argument in the Metaphysical Expositions of Transcendental Aesthetic. Ultimately, in order to show this difficulty, it is argued first that insofar as the Non-spatiotemporality Thesis supposes the validity of the Singularity Thesis, and this supposes the validity of the Apriority Thesis, the whole force of proof reposes on this latter. Secondly, it is shown that, despite his effort, Kant could not justify satisfactorily his claim to the formal apriority of space and time because of his failure to demonstrate necessarily the Apriority Thesis. We have already given a detailed account of this question in another place, (1) so that here we will try to explain only one of the main arguments. The reason why we have chosen the following one among the others reposes on the fact that it involves an around unperceived supposition on Kants part, whose possible implications we would like to explore.The first thing to be said is that Kant avows we cannot know the things as they are in themselves, because in this campaign they would be essentially neither spatial nor temporal ones. We could surely ask how can Kant say that, while maintaining simultaneously the Unknowability Thesis? How can he say that things in themselves are neither spatial nor temporal, if he admits that they are unknowable for us?

Westboro Baptist Church: A Deviant Hate Crime Group? Essay -- Hate Spe

Deviant behavior is anything that a person does that is out of the norm. Robbing banks, stealing cars, and assaulting individuals are well considered deviant behavior, but can people be deviant while still being within their legal rights and without breaking any laws? One bend that does not break any laws, but is considered to be out-of-line, is the Westboro Baptist church building. The Westboro Baptist Church has been called offensive and their actions are frowned upon by many. Is the Westboro Baptist Church actually a deviant group in disguise?In order to get to know about the Westboro Baptist Church, a person needs to know a little about who they are, where they came from, and what they represent. The Westboro Baptist Church was created in 1955 by a man named Fred Phelps, in Topeka Kansas, and is considered to follow old school Baptist beliefs (God, 2011). The Westboro membership numbers less than 100 who profess to all of the teachings of the Bible, and vatici nate against every type of sin (God). Uncommonly, the church has no known affiliation to with any other Baptist churches ( lay, 2010). The Westboro members have been known to picket at least sise events a day, such as soldiers funerals, celebrity funerals, homosexual functions, etc. (Parks, 2010). Signage held by members at these events always include hateful expressions. God hates fags and thank god for lifeless soldiers are a few of the signs that people have seen at picketing events (God, 2011). Which is a reflection of their church web site entitled god hates fags. Members of the church determination several several scriptures from the Bible that discuss homosexuality as sinful for justification of their practices and stance (God, 2011). Accordi... ... E. (2011). Deviant Behavior (9th Edition). Pearson Education Inc. pg 6Gregory, S. (2010). The Price Of drop off Speech. Time, 1(14), 30.Jonsson, P. (2011, March 3). What recourse now to Westboro Baptist Churchs rude p rotests?. Christian Science Monitor. p. N. PAG.Krueger, A. B., & Maleckova, J. (2003). Education, Poverty and Terrorism Is There a Causal Connection?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 119-442010. Parks Facts. Info Facts. Retrieved From http//parksfacts.blogspot.com/2010/11/westboro-baptist-church.htmlReligious hate crimes down in 2007, says FBI. (2008). Christian Century, 125(24), 16.Richey, W. (2011, March 2). Supreme Court hurtful speech of Westboro Baptist Church is protected. Christian Science Monitor. p. N.PAG.(2011). Who are the Westboro Baptist Church and the Phelps Family? International Business Times.

Westboro Baptist Church: A Deviant Hate Crime Group? Essay -- Hate Spe

Deviant behavior is anything that a person does that is out of the norm. Robbing banks, stealing cars, and assaulting individuals are easily considered deviant behavior, but can people be deviant while still being within their legal rights and without breaking any laws? One congregation that does not break any laws, but is considered to be out-of-line, is the Westboro Baptist Church. The Westboro Baptist Church has been called offensive and their actions are frowned upon by many. Is the Westboro Baptist Church actually a deviant group in disguise?In order to get to know about the Westboro Baptist Church, a person needs to know a little about who they are, where they came from, and what they represent. The Westboro Baptist Church was created in 1955 by a man named Fred Phelps, in capital of Kansas Kansas, and is considered to follow old school Baptist beliefs (God, 2011). The Westboro membership numbers less than 100 who profess to all of the teachings of the Bible, and preach against every type of sin (God). Uncommonly, the church has no known affiliation to with any other Baptist churches (Parks, 2010). The Westboro members chip in been known to picket at least six events a day, such as soldiers funerals, celebrity funerals, man functions, etc. (Parks, 2010). Signage held by members at these events always include hateful expressions. God hates fags and thank god for dead soldiers are a few of the signs that people have seen at picketing events (God, 2011). Which is a reflection of their church web site entitled god hates fags. Members of the church use several several scriptures from the Bible that discuss crotchet as sinful for justification of their practices and stance (God, 2011). Accordi... ... E. (2011). Deviant Behavior (9th Edition). Pearson Education Inc. pg 6Gregory, S. (2010). The Price Of Free Speech. Time, 1(14), 30.Jonsson, P. (2011, March 3). What recourse now to Westboro Baptist Churchs rude protests?. Christian S cience Monitor. p. N. PAG.Krueger, A. B., & Maleckova, J. (2003). Education, Poverty and Terrorism Is There a Causal Connection?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 119-442010. Parks Facts. Info Facts. Retrieved From http//parksfacts.blogspot.com/2010/11/westboro-baptist-church.htmlReligious hate crimes passel in 2007, says FBI. (2008). Christian Century, 125(24), 16.Richey, W. (2011, March 2). Supreme Court hurtful speech of Westboro Baptist Church is protected. Christian Science Monitor. p. N.PAG.(2011). Who are the Westboro Baptist Church and the Phelps Family? International Business Times.

Ethical Decision Making and Behavior

7 Ethical finale Making and bearing As we practise resolving dilemmas we find ethics to be less a goal than a pathway, less a destination than a trip, less an inoculation than a process. Ethicist Rushworth Kidder WHATS AHEAD This chapter surveys the compvirtuosonts of respectable air deterrent example sensitivity, example judgment, lesson motivation, and virtuous characterand introduces systematic approaches to respectable fuss solving. Well take a look at four determination-making formats Kidders ethical checkpoints, the tragical shape, Nashs 12 questions, and the episode study method.After subjecting each approach, Ill discuss its relative advantages and disadvantages. U nderstanding how we make and follow gaine on ethical decisions is the head start step to making better plectrums taking a systematic approach is the second. Well explore both(prenominal) of these steps in this chapter. After examining the ethical decision-making process, well see how campaig nlines or formats portion forward guide our ethical deliberations. 235 236 musical composition III. Ethical Standards and Strategies Components of deterrent example Action There argon a benumbeder of samples of ethical decision making and work.For example, bloodline ethics educators Charles Powers and David Vogel identify sextette factors or elements that underlie honorable reasoning and behavior and that ar curiously relevant in administrational settings. 1 The introductory gear is righteous imagination, the recognition that even routine plectrums and relationships perk up an ethical dimension. The second is chaste identification and regulateing, which, as the name suggests, refers to the ability to identify weighty issues, unsex priorities, and sort out competing values.The third factor is righteous evaluation, or using analytical sk crazys to evaluate options. The fourth element is tolerating deterrent example disagreement and ambiguity, which arises when m anagers disagree close to values and courses of action. The fifth is the ability to integrate managerial competence with moral competence. This integration involves anticipating possible ethical dilemmas, leading differents in ethical decision making, and making on-going whatever decision becomes part of an organizations systems and procedures.The sixth and final element is a sense of moral obligation, which serves as a motivating force to concern in moral judgment and to implement decisions. James Rest of the University of Minnesota developed what whitethorn be the most widely apply model of moral behavior. Rest built his four-component model by working backward. He started with the end productmoral actionand then fastend the steps that produce such(prenominal) behavior. He concluded that ethical action is the result of four psychological subprocesses (1) moral sensitivity (recognition), (2) moral judgment, (3) moral focus (motivation), and (4) moral character. Component 1 moral Sensitivity (Recognition) Moral sensitivity (recognizing the presence of an ethical issue) is the initiatory step in ethical decision making because we enduret solve a moral enigma unless we first know that one exists. A great around(prenominal) moral failures stem from ethical insensitivity. The sanctuary committee at Ford Motor decided non to fix the defective gas tank on the Pinto automobile (see Chapter 2) because appendages saw no hassle with saving money rather than human lives.Wal-Mart was slow to do to concerns raised by employees, labor separates, environmentalists, and early(a)(a)s close wage violations, sexual discrimination, sad environmental practices, and other issues. 3 Many pupils, focused on finishing their degrees, see no problem with cheating. (You enkindle test your ethical sensitivity by completing the Self-Assessment Moral Sensitivity Scenarios. ) According to Rest, problem recognition take ins that we con brassr how our behavior affec ts others, identify possible courses of action, and determine theCHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and fashion237 consequences of each voltage strategy. Empathy and perspective skills are essential to this component of moral action. If we understand how others might disc everywhere or react, we are more than(prenominal) sensitive to potential negative effects of our choices and nookie better predict the likely outcomes of each option. A number of factors keep on us from recognizing ethical issues. We whitethorn non factor ethical considerations into our characteristic ways of thinking or mental models. We may be reluctant to use moral terminology (values, exclusivelyice, right, wrong) to describe our decisions because we motivation to avoid controversy or view that keeping silent leave make us appear strong and capable. 5 We may even deceive ourselves into thinking that we are playacting morally when we are clear not, a process called ethical fading. The moral as pects of a decision fade into the background if we use euphemisms to disguise unethical behavior, numb our consciences by and through repeated misbehavior, blame others, and claim that plainly we know the truth. 6 Fortunately, we butt take steps to enhance our ethical sensitivity (and the sensitivity of our young man leaders and followers) by doing the interest Active listening and role playing Imagining other perspectives Stepping back from a situation to determine whether it has moral implications Using moral terminology to discuss problems and issues Avoiding euphemisms Refusing to excuse misbehavior Accepting in-personisedized responsibility Practicing humility and establishness to other points of viewIn addition to these steps, we can in any case increase ethical sensitivity by making an issue more salient. The greater the moral intensity of an issue, the more likely it is that decision makers will take note of it and respond ethically. 7 We can bring in mora l intensity by doing the following Illustrating that the situation can cause significant harm or benefit to some(prenominal) people (magnitude of consequences) Establishing that thither is social consensus or agreement that a behavior is moral or immoral (e. g. legal or illegal, approved or forbid by a professional association) Demonstrating probability of effect, that the act will overtake and will cause harm or benefit Showing that the consequences will happen soon (temporal immediacy) Emphasizing social, psychological, physical, or psychological closeness (proximity) with those affected by our actions Proving that one person or a group will greatly ingest due to a decision (concentration of effect) 238PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies Finally, presenting attention to our emotions can be an fundamental clue that we are faced with an ethical dilemma.Moral emotions are part of our makeup as humans. 8 These feelings are triggered even when we do not exhaust a per sonal stake in an event. For example, we may feel angry when reading slightly mistreatment of migrant workers or sympathy when we see a picture of a refugee living in a squalid camp. Moral emotions also encourage us to take action that benefits other people and society as a whole. We might write a letter protesting the distressing working conditions of migrant laborers, for instance, or send money to a humanitarian organization working with displaced persons. Anger, disgust, and contempt are other-condemning emotions.They are elicited by unfairness, betrayal, immorality, cruelty, unretentive performance, and status differences. Anger can motivate us to redress injustices like racism, oppression, and poverty. Disgust encourages us to set up rewards and punishments to deter inappropriate behaviors. Contempt principally causes us to step back from others. Shame, embarrassment, and guilt are self-conscious emotions that encourage us to follow the rules and uphold the social order. T hese feelings are triggered when we violate norms and social conventions, present the wrong image to others, and fail to live up to moral guidelines.Shame and embarrassment can keep us from engaging in further damaging behavior and may drive us to withdraw from social contact. Guilt motivates us to help others and to treat them well. Sympathy and compassion are other-suffering emotions. They are elicited when we cover suffering or sorrow in our fellow human beings. frequently(prenominal) feelings encourage us to comfort, help, and alleviate the pain of others. Gratitude, awe, and elevation are other-praising ( incontrovertible) emotions that open us up to fresh opportunities and relationships.They are prompted when someone has done something on our behalf, when we run across moral beauty (acts of charity, loyalty, and self-sacrifice, for example), and when we read or hear about moral exemplars (see Chapter 3). Gratitude motivates us to re recompense others awe and elevation encour age us to become better persons and to take steps to help others. In sum, if we experience anger, disgust, guilt, sympathy, or other moral emotions, the chances are good that there is an ethical dimension to the situation that confronts us. We will pauperization to look further to determine if this is indeed the case.CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and expression239 SELF-ASSESSMENT MORAL SENSITIVITY SCENARIOS Instructions Read each vignette and consider the following statement There are very primary(prenominal) ethical aspects to this situation. (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree) Then briefly explain your rating for each vignette in the space below it. For more development on the ethical issues raised by the scenarios, see Item 1 under For Further Exploration, Challenge, and Self-Assessment. Vignette 1 One of your most important customers, a medical examination clinic, called yesterday.The clinic had ordered a product 10 days ago (products are normally delivered wi thin 710 days), however it had not arrived. Quickly, you traced the order to the shipping office. You asked the shipping clerk about the order, and she said, I shipped it 2 days ago As you left the shipping office, you glanced at her desk and saw her shipping receipts. You could clearly see that the order was shipped this morning. You called the client back with the news that the product was on its way. As you talked with the client, you learned that the delay of the product had allowed the condition of some patients to worsen quite dramatically. ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Vignette 2 Last Monday, you were sitting at your desk examining a request that a customer had jus t faxed to you. The customer was proposing a project that would make a tremendous amount of money for your alliance but had an extremely demanding time schedule.Just as you were about to call the customer and accept the project, one of your employees, Phil, knocked on the door. He entered your office, politely placed a letter of resignation on your desk, and told you he was sorry, but in dickens weeks, he 240PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies would be touching to another state to be closer to his ailing parents. After he left, you thought about the proposed project and determined that even though Phil would be gone, you could appease meet all of the customers deadlines. You called the customer and accepted the project. ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Vignette 3 Earlier today, a salesman who works in Iowa called you and told you about an experience he had last week. One of his customers placed a small order of about $1,500 worth of product from corporate headquarters.The home office immediately shipped the package through a freight participation, and it arrived the next day at the freight companys warehouse in Iowa. The salesman went to the warehouse just as it was closing and talked to one of the managers. The manager said that everyone had gone home for the day, but he assured him that the package would be delivered directly to his office the next day. The salesman knew that the customer did not gather up the materials for at least another 3 days, but he didnt want to wait.He placed a $20 bill on the counter and asked the warehouse manager one last time if there was anything he could do. The manager found the paperwork, got the product fro m the back of the warehouse, and brought it out to the salesman. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________SOURCE Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Moral awareness and ethical predispositions look into the role of idiosyncratic differences in the recognition of moral issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 233243. Published by the American Psychological Association. CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior241 Component 2 Moral Judgment erst an ethical problem is identified, decision makers select a course of action from the options generated in Component 1. In other words, they make judgments about what is the right or wrong thing to do in this situation.Moral judgment has generated more research than the other components of Rests model. Investigators take hold been particularly interested in cognitive moral development, the process by which people develop their moral reasoning abilities over time. Harvard psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that individuals progress through a serial of moral stages just as they do physical ones. 9 Each stage is more advanced than the one before. Not only do people engage in more complex reasoning as they progress up the stages, but they also become less self-absorbed and develop broader definitions of morality.Kohlberg identified three aims of moral development, each divided into two stages. Level I, preconventional thinking, is the most primitive and focuses on consequences. This form of moral reasoning is normal among children who choose to obey to avoid punishment (Stage 1) or follow the rules in order to meet their interests (Stage 2). Stage 2 thinkers are interested in acquire a fair deal You help me, and Ill help you. Conventional thinkers (Level II) look to others for guidance when deciding how to act.Stage 3 people want to live up to the expectations of those they respect, such as parents, siblings, and friends, and value concern for others and respect. Stage 4 individuals take a somewhat broader perspective, looking to society as a whole for direction. They believe in following rules at work, for example, and the law. Kohlberg found that most adults are Level II thinkers. Level III, postconceptual or principled reasoning, is the most advanced type of ethical thinking. Stage 5 people are guided by utilitarian principles.They are pertain for the inevitably of the entire group and want to make sure that rules and laws serve the greatest good for the greatest number. Stage 6 people operate according to internalized, universal principles such as justice, equality, and human dignity. These principles consistently guide their behavior and take precedence over the laws of any particular societ y. According to Kohlberg, fewer than 20% of American adults ever reach Stage 5, and almost no one reaches Stage 6. Critics take issue with both the philosophical foundation of Kohlbergs model and its reliance on concrete stages of moral development. 0 They manage that Kohlberg based his postconventional stage on Rawlss justice-asfairness possible action and make deontological ethics superior to other ethical approaches. They note that the model applies more to societal issues than to individual ethical decisions. A great many psychologists challenge the notion 242PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies that people go through a rigid or dense series of moral stages, leaving one stage completely behind before moving to the next. They argue instead that a person can engage in many ways of thinking about a problem, regardless of age.Rest (who studied under Kohlberg), Darcia Narvaez, and their colleagues responded to the critics by replacing the enceinte stages with a staircase of developmental dodges. 11 Schemas are networks of knowledge organized around life events. We use schemas when encountering new situations or study. You are able to master information in new classes, for instance, by using strategies you developed in previous courses. According to this neoKohlbergian approach, decision makers develop more sophisticated moral schemas as they develop. The least sophisticated schema is based on personal interest.People at this level are concerned only with what they may gain or lose in an ethical dilemma. No consideration is attached to the needs of broader society. Those who reason at the next level, the maintaining norms schema, believe they defecate a moral obligation to maintain social order. They are concerned with following rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone. These thinkers believe that there is a clear hierarchy with carefully defined roles (e. g. , bossessubordinates, teachersstudents, officers enlisted personn el).The postconventional schema is the most advanced level of moral reasoning. Thinking at this level is not limited to one ethical approach, as Kohlberg argued, but encompasses many different philosophical traditions. Postconventional individuals believe that moral obligations are to be based on shared ideals, should not favor some people at the expense of others, and are open to scrutiny (testing and examination). much(prenominal) thinkers reason like moral philosophers, looking behind societal norms to determine whether they serve moral purposes. Refer to Leadership Ethics at the Movies Michael Clayton for an example of a leader who shifts to a higher level of moral reasoning. ) Rest developed the Defining Issues Test (DIT) to measure moral development. Subjects taking the DIT (and its successor, the DIT-2) respond to six ethical scenarios and then choose statements that best hypothesize the reasoning they used to come up with their choices. These statements, which correspond t o the three levels of moral reasoning, are then scored. In the best-known dilemma, Heinzs wife is dying of cancer and needs a drug he cannot afford to buy.He essential decide whether to steal the drug to keep on her life. Hundreds of studies using the DIT reveal that moral reasoning generally increases with age and pedagogics. 12 Undergraduate and graduate students benefit from their educational experiences in general and ethical coursework in particular. When education stops, moral development stops. In addition, moral development is a universal concept, crossing cultural boundaries. CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior243 Principled leaders can boost the moral judgment of a group by encouraging members to adopt more sophisticated ethical schemas. 3 Models of cognitive development provide important insights into the process of ethical decision making. First, settingual variables play an important role in shaping ethical behavior. close people look to others as well as to rules and regulations when making ethical determinations. They are more likely to make wise moral judgments if coworkers and supervisors encourage and model ethical behavior. As leaders, we need to build ethical environments. (Well take a closer look at the formation of ethical groups and organizations in Chapters 8 and 9. ) Second, education fosters moral reasoning.Pursuing a bachelors, masters, or doctoral degree can promote your moral development. As part of your education, focus as much attention as you can on ethics (i. e. , take ethics courses, discuss ethical issues in groups and classes, reflect on the ethical challenges you experience in internships). Third, a broader perspective is better. Consider the needs and viewpoints of others out-of-door your immediate group or organization determine what is good for the local area, the larger society, and the global community. quadth, moral principles produce superior solutions.The best ethical thinkers base their choices o n widely accepted ethical guidelines. Do the aforementioned(prenominal) by drawing on important ethical approaches such as utilitarianism, the categorical clamant, altruism, communitarianism, and justice-as-fairness theory. LEADERSHIP ETHICS AT THE MOVIES MICHAEL CLAYTON Key Cast Members George Clooney, Tilda Swinton, Tom Wilkinson, Sydney Pollack Synopsis George Clooney stars as Michael Clayton, the fixer for a large New York City watertight. Clayton takes care of any messes involving clients, like hit-andrun accidents and shoplifting charges.When the hards top litigator (played by Wilkinson) begins to work for the other side in a $3 billion lawsuit, Clayton must get him back on his medications and under control. Karen Crowder (Swinton) is chief counsel for the conglomerate being sued for manufacturing a toxic chemical. She decides to permanently silence both the rogue lawyer and Clayton. The fixer, whose life and reputation have been tarnished by a series of poor ethical and championship choices, must now decide how to respond to illegal wiretapping and murder. Swinton won a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her (Continued) 44PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies (Continued) performance as the ambitious attorney who decides that corporate survival takes precedence over human life. Rating R for language, including sexual dialogue Themes moral reasoning, the dark side of leadership, corruption, greed, character, deception Discussion Starters 1. What factors cause Clayton to become a fixer and the conglomerates chief counsel to protect her company at any constitute? 2. Was it unethical for the law firms top litigator to begin to work for the plaintiffs? Why or why not? 3.What accounts for Claytons shift to a higher level of moral reasoning? Component 3 Moral strain (Motivation) After concluding what course of action is best, decision makers must be focused (motivated to follow through) on their choices. Moral values oftentimes encounter with ot her significant values. For instance, an accounting supervisor who wants to blow the whistle on illegal accounting practices at her firm must balance her desire to do the right thing against her desire to keep her job, provide income for her family, and maintain relationships with her fellow workers.She will report the accounting abuses to outside authorities only if moral considerations take precedence over these competing priorities. Psychologists report that self-interest and hypocrisy undermine moral motivation. 14 Sometimes individuals genuinely want to do the right thing, but their integrity is overpowered when they discover that they will have to pay a personal cost for acting in an ethical manner. some others never intend to follow an ethical course of action but engage in moral hypocrisy instead. These decision makers want to appear moral era, if possible, avoiding the cost of actually being moral. 15 In experimental settings, they say that assignments should be distribut ed fairly but then assign themselves the most desirable tasks while loose less desirable chores to others. Both self-interest and hypocrisy encourage leaders to set their moral principles aside. For example, corporate executives may declare that lower-level employees deserve higher wages. However, whether they rattling want to help workers or CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior245 just want to appear as if they do, these executives are not likely to pay employees more if it means that they will earn less as a result.Rewards play an important role in ethical follow-through. People are more likely to give ethical values top priority when rewarded through raises, promotions, national recognition, and other means for doing so. Conversely, moral motivation drops when the reward system reinforces unethical behavior. 16 Unfortunately, misplaced rewards are all too park, as in the case of electronics retailers who reward employees for selling expensive extended warranties on new products. Such warranties are generally a bad deal for consumers. Emotions also play a part in moral motivation. 7 As noted earlier, sympathy, disgust, guilt, and other moral emotions prompt us to take action. We can use their motivational force to help us punish wrongdoers, address injustice, provide assistance, and so on. Other researchers report that positive emotions such as joy and happiness make people more optimistic and more likely to live out their moral choices and to help others. Depression, on the other hand, lowers motivation, and jealousy, rage, and envy contribute to lying, revenge, stealing, and other antisocial behaviors.To increase your moral motivation and the moral motivation of followers, look for out and perform ethically rewarding environments. mold sure the reward system of an organization supports ethical behavior before joining it as an employee or a volunteer. quiz to reduce the costs of behaving morally by instituting policies and procedures that make it easier to report unethical behavior, combat discrimination, and so on. Work to align rewards with desired behavior in your current organization. Be concerned about how goals are reached. If all else fails, reward yourself.Take pride in following through on your choices and on living up to your self-image as a person of integrity. Tap into moral emotions while making a conscious effort to control negative feelings and to put yourself in a positive frame of mind. Component 4 Moral Character Executing the plan of action takes character. Moral agents have to overcome opposition, resist distractions, cope with fatigue, and develop tactic and strategies for arriver their goals. This helps explain why there is only a moderate correlation between moral judgment and moral behavior.Many times deciding does not lead to doing. The positive character traits described in Chapter 3 contribute to ethical follow-through. Courage helps leaders implement their plans despite the risks and co sts of doing so while prudence helps them choose the best course of 246PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies action. Integrity encourages leaders to be true to themselves and their choices. Humility forces leaders to address limitations that might prevent them from taking action. Reverence promotes self-sacrifice. Optimism equips leaders to persist in the face of obstacles and difficulties.Compassion and justice focus the attention of leaders on the needs of others rather than on personal priorities. In addition to virtues, other personal characteristics contribute to moral action. 18 Those with a strong will, as well as confidence in themselves and their abilities, are more likely to persist. The same is true for those with an internal locus of control. Internally oriented people (internals) believe that they have control over their lives and can determine what happens to them. Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are the product of fate or luck instead.Because they have personal responsibility for their actions, internals are more motivated to do what is right. Externals are more susceptible to situational pressures and therefore less likely to persist in ethical tasks. productive instruction execution also requires competence. For instance, modifying the organizational reward system may entail researching, organizing, arguing, networking, and relationship-building skills. These skills are put to maximum use when actors have an in-depth pinch of the organizational context important policies, the groups history and culture, informal leaders, and so on.Following the character-building guidelines presented in Chapter 3 will go a long way to helping you build the virtues you need to put your moral choices into action. You may also want to look at your past performance to see why you succeeded or failed. Believe that you can have an impact. Otherwise, you are probably not going to carry through when obstacles surface. Develop your skills so that you can better put your moral choice into action and master the context in which you operate. Decision-Making Formats Decision-making guidelines or formats can help us make better ethical choices.Taking a systematic approach encourages teams and individuals to carefully define the problem, gather information, apply ethical standards and values, identify and evaluate alternative courses of action, and follow through on their choices. Theyre also better equipped to defend their decisions. Four ethical decision-making formats are described in the pages to come. All four approaches are reclaimable. You may want to use just one or a crew of all of them. The particular format you use is not as important as using a systematic approach to moral reasoning. You can practice these guidelines by applying them to Case acquire 7. and the scenarios described at the end of the chapter. CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior247 You will prob ably find it difficult at first to follow a format. Thats because using a format takes a significant amount of effort, and we are used to making rapid judgments mentally when faced with ethical choices. 19 Without being conscious of the fact, we quickly invoke decision-making rules we have learned though experience, such as it is always good to obey authority or always be as fair as possible. Or we intuitively come to a rapid decision based on our emotions and cultural background.Often these quick responses are good ones. But not always. There may be times, for instance, when authority needs to be disobeyed or fairness must be set aside for compassion. Our intuitions are wrong when they are based on erroneous beliefn cultural beliefs. For example, many Americans used to immediately condemn assorted couples. As time passed, society recognized that this reaction was biased, unfounded, and unjust. I suggest that, when confronted with ethical dilemmas like those in Case Study 7. 1, y ou write down your initial reaction before using a format. Later compare your final decision to your immediate response.Your ultimate terminus after following a series of steps may be the same as your first judgment. Or you might find that you come to a significantly different decision. In any case, you should be comfortable with your solution because your deliberations were informed both by your preconscious experiences, emotions, and intuitions as well as by your conscious reasoning. 20 CASE STUDY 7. 1 PARKING LOT SHOOTING Over the past year several employees of a national fast-food chain have been shot or injured when interfere in fights or crimes occurring in the restaurants parking lots.As a result, corporate headquarters drafted a new policy that forbids workers from leaving the building in such emergencies, instructing them instead to dial 911. Those who violate the policy will immediately be fired. Imagine that you are day-shift manager at one of the companys locations whe re a shooting has occurred. You call 911 but notice that the victim, who is lying right outside the door, is bleeding profusely. No one else is stepping up to help the injured man. You have first-aid training and believe you can stabilize his condition before the ambulance arrives.The shooter has apparently fled the scene. Would you disobey company policy and help the shooting victim? 248PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies Kidders Ethical Checkpoints Ethicist Rushworth Kidder suggests that nine steps or checkpoints can help bring order to otherwise confusing ethical issues. 21 1. Recognize that there is a problem. This step is critically important because it forces us to acknowledge that there is an issue that deserves our attention and helps us separate moral questions from disagreements about manners and social conventions.For example, being late for a party may be bad manners and violate cultural expectations. However, this act does not represent into a moral problem invo lving right or wrong. On the other hand, deciding whether to accept a kickback from a supplier is an ethical dilemma. 2. Determine the actor. Once weve determined that there is an ethical issue, we then need to decide who is responsible for addressing the problem. I may be concerned that the owner of a local business treats his employees poorly. Nonetheless, unless I work for the company or buy its products, there is little I can do to address this situation. . Gather the relevant facts. Adequate, accurate, and current information is important for making effective decisions of all kinds, including ethical ones. Details do make a difference. In deciding whether it is just to suspend a student for fighting, for instance, a school principal will want to hear from teachers, classmates, and the offender to determine the seriousness of the offense, the students reason for fighting, and the outcome of the altercation. The administrator will probably be more lenient if this is the offenders first offense and he was defending himself. 4.Test for right-versus-wrong issues. A choice is generally a poor one if it gives you a negative, gut-level reaction (the stench test), would make you uncomfortable if it appeared on the front page of tomorrows newspaper (the frontpage test), or would violate the moral code of someone that you care a lot about (the Mom test). If your decision violates any of these criteria, you had better reconsider. 5. Test for right-versus-right values. Many ethical dilemmas pit two core values against each other. Determine whether two good or right values are in conflict with one another in this situation.Right-versus-right value clashes include the following ? Truth telling versus loyalty to others and institutions. Telling the truth may threaten our allegiance to another person or to an organization, such as when leaders and followers are faced with the decision of whether to blow the whistle on organizational misbehavior (see Chapter 5). Kidder bel ieves that truth versus loyalty is the most common type of conflict involving two deeply held values. CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior249 ? Personal needs versus the needs of the community.Our desire to serve our immediate group or ourselves can run counter to the needs of the larger group or community. ? Short-term benefits versus long-term negative consequences. Sometimes satisfying the immediate needs of the group (giving a hefty pay raise to employees, for example) can lead to long-term negative consequences (endangering the future day of the business). ? Justice versus mercy. Being fair and even-handed may conflict with our desire to show love and compassion. 6. Apply the ethical standards and perspectives. Apply the ethical principle that is most relevant and useful to this specific issue.Is it communitarianism? Utilitarianism? Kants categorical imperative? A combination of perspectives? 7. Look for a third way. Sometimes seemingly irreconcilable values can be resolved through compromise or the development of a creative solution. Negotiators often try a third way to bring competing factions together. Such was the case in the deliberations that produced the Camp David peace accord. Egypt demanded that Israel pass on land on the West Bank seized in the 1967 War. Israel resisted because it wanted a buffer zone to protect its security.The dispute was settled when Egypt pledged that it would not endeavour Israel again. Assured of gum elastic, the Israelis agreed to return the territory to Egypt. 22 8. Make the decision. At some point we need to step up and make the decision. This seems a given (after all, the point of the whole process is to reach a conclusion). However, we may be mentally exhausted from wrestling with the problem, get caught up in the act of analysis, or lack the necessary courage to come to a decision. In Kidders words, At this point in the process, theres little to do but decide.That requires moral couragean attribute es sential to leadership and one that, along with reason, distinguishes humanity most sharply from the animal world. Little wonder, then, that the exercise of ethical decision-making is often seen as the highest fulfillment of the human condition. 23 9. Revisit and reflect on the decision. Learn from your choices. Once youve moved on to other issues, stop and reflect. What lessons emerged from this case that you can apply to future decisions? What ethical issues did it raise? Balance planer Advantages (Pros) Is thorough Considers problem ownership 50PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies Emphasizes the importance of getting the facts forthwith Recognizes that dilemmas can involve rightright as well as rightwrong choices Encourages the search for creative solutions Sees ethical decision making as a learning process Weaknesses (Cons) It is not easy to determine who has the responsibility for solving a problem The facts are not always available, or there may not be enough t ime to gather them Decisions dont always lead to action There is a lot to be said for Kidders approach to ethical decision making.For one thing, he seems to cover all the bases, beginning with defining the issue all the way through to learning from the situation after the dust has settled. He acknowledges that there are some problems that we cant do much about and that we need to pay particular attention to gathering as much information as possible. The ethicist recognizes that some decisions involve deciding between two goods and leaves the door open for creative solutions. Making a choice can be an act of courage, as Kidder points out, and we can apply lessons learned in one dilemma to future problems.On the flip side, some of the strengths of Kidders model can also be seen as weaknesses. As well see in Chapter 10, determining responsibility or ownership of a problem is getting harder in an increasingly interdependent world. Who is responsible for poor labor conditions in third-w orld countries, for instance? The manufacturer? The subcontractor? The store that sells the products made in sweatshops? Those who buy the items? Kidder also seems to assume that leaders will have the time to gather necessary information. Unfortunately, in situations like that described in Case Study 7. 1, time is in short supply.Finally, the model seems to equate deciding with doing. As we saw in our earlier raillery of moral action, we can decide on a course of action but not follow through. Kidder is right to say that making ethical choices takes courage. However, it takes even more courage to put the choice into effect. The SAD Formula Media ethicist Louis Alvin Day of Louisiana State University developed the SAD formula in order to build important elements of critical thinking into moral reasoning. Critical thinking is a rational approach to decision making CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior251 that emphasizes careful analysis and evaluation.It begins with an unde rstanding of the subject to be evaluated moves to identifying the issues, information, and assumptions surrounding the problem and then concludes with evaluating alternatives and reaching a conclusion. 24 Each stage of the SAD formulasituation definition, analysis of the situation, decisionaddresses a component of critical thinking. (See Box 7. 1. ) To demonstrate this model, Ill use a conflict involving mandatory vaccinations of health care workers. 25 Situation commentary Health care professionals are at risk for contracting infectious diseases and spreading them to their patients.For that reason, the U. S. government determined that health care workers should be one of the first groups to receive flu vaccines such as the one designed to combat the H1N1 (swine flu) computer virus. Vaccination can reduce the likelihood of catching the flu by 70%80% and is one of the best ways to prevent a pandemic. However, fewer than half of U. S. health workers get flu shots every year (rates are also low in Great Britain and Hong Kong). Medical personnel who fail to be vaccinated often do so for the same reasons as other Americans.They dont like shots, it is not convenient to get them, they claim they seldom get sick, or they believe the vaccine makes them ill (though scientists deny that this happens). Health officials have tried a variety of strategies to increase the percentage of doctors and nurses receiving vaccinations, including promotional campaigns and prize drawings. However, these voluntary efforts have fallen short. Concerned about low participation rates, particularly in light of the danger posed by the swine flu, Hospital gage of America, MedStar Health (Maryland), Virginia Mason (Seattle, WA), BJC HealthCare (St.Louis, MO), and the state of New York began mandatory vaccination programs. A number of clinics and doctors offices followed suit. Employees were told they would lose their jobs if they did not get the vaccine. Exceptions were made for those like ly to have an allergic reaction (eggs are used in the action of the shots) or those with religious objections. Some health care workers and their unions immediately protested the stricter vaccination policies, labeling such programs as intrusive violations of individual rights. Day says that the ethical question to be addressed should be as narrow as possible.In our example, we will seek to answer the following query Are mandatory flu-vaccination policies for health care workers ethically justified? 252PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies BOX 7. 1 THE MORAL REASONING PROCESS Situation Definition Description of facts Identification of principles and values Statement of ethical issue or question Analysis Weighing of competing principles and values Consideration of external factors Examination of duties to various parties Discussion of applicable ethical theories Decision version of moral agents decision Defense of that decision based on moral theory SOURCE From Day.Ethics in Me dia Communications Cases and Controversies, 5E. Copyright 2006 Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission www. cengage. com/permissions. Analysis Evaluation of Values and Principles. Competing principles and values are clearly present in this situation. On the one side, medical administrators and public health officials put a high value on the responsibility of medical personnel to patients and argue that mandatory vaccinations will save lives, particularly those of dangerous populations like the sick, those with compromised immune systems, pregnant women, the very young, and the elderly.In requiring mandatory vaccinations in New York, the states health commissioner asserted The rationale begins with health-care ethics, which is The patients social welfare comes ahead of the personal preferences of health-care workers. 26 (The commissioner later rescinded his edict when there was a shortage of the vaccine. ) The chief medical officer of MedStar Health sa id the decision to require vaccinations is all about patient risk-freety. On the other side of the debate are individuals, employee unions, and groups CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior253 who put their priority on individual rights.They believe that making flu shots a condition of employment takes away the right to make personal medical decisions, and they have concerns about the safety of the vaccines despite the assurances of medical experts. Opponents also worry that mandatory programs will spread from the health care sector into other areas of society. Said a representative of an organization wanting to limit government expansion, You start with health-care workers but then expand that umbrella to make it mandatory for everybody. Its all part of an encroachment on our liberties. 27 External Factors.Some influenza strains, like H1N1, pose greater risks than other strains and spread more rapidly, making vaccinations even more important. Medical employees already ha ve to be inoculated for other conditions like mumps, measles, and tuberculosis, and there havent been widespread protests about these requirements. In addition, medical personnel have to follow such mandatory safety procedures as washing their hands before surgery. Vaccinations appear to be a safety measure like hand washing. However, past inoculation programs have made some medical professionals skeptical about current efforts.Earlier vaccines did make recipients sore and could cause mild flu-like symptoms. The H1N1 vaccine seemed to be rushed into production, raising concerns that recipients were portion as guinea pigs. Nurses, doctors, and home health givers, like other Americans, are increasingly worried about substances they put in their bodies. Moral Duties or Loyalties. professor Day borrows from theologian Ralph Potter for this part of his model. Potter believes we need to take into account important duties or loyalties when making ethical choices. 8 In this case, the fol lowing duties have to be kept in mind Loyalty to self (individual conscience) Loyalty to patients Loyalty to vulnerable populations Loyalty to fellow employees Loyalty to others in the same profession Loyalty to the public Medical officials seem primarily concerned for patients, vulnerable populations, and the larger community. Low vaccination rates threaten patients and clients and help the virus spread. Health care workers who refuse flu shots also damage the credibility of the medical profession. Why should patients be vaccinated if their doctors and nurses dont think it is safe 54PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies or necessary to do so? Vaccination objectors are more concerned for their individual rights and, in some cases, their personal safety. They seem to overlook their primary duty, which is to serve their patients. Yet not all appear to be acting out of selfish motives. Some resistors are concerned about setting a precedent that could reduce the rights of the ir fellow citizens in the years to come. Moral Theories. Each of the ethical perspectives outlined in Chapter 5 can be utilise to this dilemma.From a utilitarian perspective, the benefit of protecting personal rights has to be weighed against the dangers of spreading the flu virus. However, the immediate benefits of slowing the virus also need to be weighed against the long-term costsloss of individual rights and government intrusion. ground on Kants categorical imperative, we could ask if we would want everyone to be vaccinated (probably) or if we would want everyone to refuse to be vaccinated (probably not). However, employees who resist the mandatory shots should carry through on their decision regardless of the consequences, such as losing their jobs.Rawlss theory could be applied to say that required vaccinations are justified because they protect the least advantaged members of society. Communitarianism also seems to support the mandatory vaccination position. Medical leader s put their emphasis on responsibility to patients, vulnerable groups, and the public. Objectors seem to emphasize individual rights rather than duties. Advocates of mandatory vaccinations have a stronger altruistic focus because such efforts are designed to reduce sickness and suffering. Opponents may argue, however, that they are demonstrating concern by protecting the rights of others.Decision Decisions often emerge out of careful definition and analysis of the problem. It may be clear which course of action is best after external constraints, principles, duties, and moral theories are identified and evaluated. In our example, mandatory flu vaccination programs for health care workers appear to be morally justified. Such programs put the needs of others first and reduce suffering and death. They seem consistent with other requirements placed on health care workers and support the patient-focused mission of the medical profession.Health care employees should prevent sickness, not spread it. This option also seems to be best supported by moral theory. Nonetheless, opponents of mandatory vaccination programs are right to point out that we should be cautious about requiring health CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior255 treatments. Just because mandatory influenza vaccinations are justified for health care workers does not mean that we should require all citizens to be vaccinated (thats a different question for analysis) or force citizens into other medical treatments. Balance SheetAdvantages (Pros) Encourages orderly, systematic reasoning Incorporates situation definition, duties, and moral theories Disadvantages (Cons) Failure to reach consensus Limits creativity Ignores implementation The SAD formula does encourage careful reasoning by building in key elements of the critical thinking process. Following the formula keeps decision makers from reaching hasty decisions. Instead of jumping immediately to solutions, they must carefully identify el ements of the situation, examine and evaluate ethical alternatives, and then reach a conclusion.Three elements of the SAD formula are particularly praiseworthy. First, the formula recognizes that the keys to solving a problem often lie in clearly identifying and describing it. Groups are far less likely to go astray when members clearly outline the question they are to answer. Second, Days formula highlights duties or loyalties. In the case of vaccinations, prioritizing loyalties is key to supporting or opponent mandatory vaccination programs. Third, the formula incorporates moral theories directly into the decisionmaking process. The strengths of the SAD model must be balanced against some troubling weaknesses.Day implies that a clear choice will emerge after the problem is defined and analyzed. Nevertheless, that may not always be the case. Even in our example, there is room for dispute. While it appears as if mandatory vaccinations are morally justified, those who put a high valu e on personal freedoms will likely remain unconvinced. They raise valid concerns about the long-term impact of such programs as well. Focusing on a narrowly defined question may exclude creative options and make it hard to apply principles from one decision to other settings. Finally, the formula leaves out the important implementation stage. 56PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies Nashs 12 Questions Ethics consultant Laura Nash offers 12 questions that can help businesses and other groups identify the responsibilities involved in making moral choices. 29 She argues that discussions based on these queries can be useful even if the group doesnt reach a conclusion. Managers who answer the questions surface ethical concerns that might otherwise remain hidden, identify common moral problems, wrap up gaps between stated values and performance, and explore a variety of alternatives. 1. Have you defined the problem accurately?The ethical decision-making process begins with assemblin g the facts. Determine how many employees will be affected by layoffs, how much the cleanup of toxic materials will cost, or how many people have been injured by imperfect products. Finding out the facts can help defuse the emotionalism of some issues (perhaps the damage is not as great as first feared). 2. How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of the fence? Asking how others might feel forces self-examination. From a companys point of view, expanding a local plant may make good sense by increasing production and efficiency.Government officials and neighbors might have an entirely different perspective. A larger plant means more workers clogging already overcrowded roads and contributing to urban sprawl. For example, considering the companys point of view may impact the decision you reach in Focus on Follower Ethics Paying Back Microsoft on page 258. 3. How did this situation occur in the first place? This question separates the symptoms from the disease. Lying, cheating customers, and labour labor relations are generally symptoms of deeper problems.Firing an employee for unethical behavior is a temporary solution. Probe to discover the underlying causes. For example, many dubious accounting practices are the result of pressure to produce high quarterly profits. 4. To whom and to what do you give your loyalties as a person or group and as a member of the organization? As we saw in Chapter 1, conflicts of loyalty are hard to sort through. However, wrestling with the problem of ultimate loyalty (Work group? Family? Self? Corporation? ) can clarify the values operating in an ethical dilemma. 5. What is your intention in making this decision? . How does this intention compare with the likely results? These questions probe both the groups intentions and the likely products. Honorable motives CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior257 dont guarantee positive results. Make sure that the outcomes reflect your motivations. 7. Whom co uld your decision or action injure? Too often groups consider possible injury only after being sued. Try, in advance, to determine defamatory consequences. What will happen if customers ignore label warnings and spread your pesticide indiscriminately, for example?Will the guns you manufacture end up in the hands of urban gang members? Based on these determinations, you may decide to abandon your plans to make these items or revise the way they are marketed. 8. Can you engage the affected parties in a discussion of the problem before you make your decision? Talking to affected parties is one way to make sure that you understand how your actions will influence them. Few of us would want other people to decide whats in our best interest. Yet we often push forward with projects that assume we know whats in the best interests of others. 9.Are you confident that your position will be as valid over a long period of time as it seems now? Make sure that your choice will stand the test of ti me. What seem like compelling reasons for a decision may not seem so important months or years later. Consider the U. S. decision to invade Iraq, for instance. American intelligence experts and political leaders tied Saddam Hussein to terrorist groups and claimed that he was hiding weapons of intensity destruction. After the invasion, no solid links between Iraqis and international terrorists or weapons of mass destruction were discovered.Our decision to wage this war doesnt appear as justified now as it did in the months leading up to the conflict. 10. Could you disclose without qualm your decision or action to your boss, your CEO, the board of directors, your family, or society as a whole? No ethical decision is too trivial to escape the disclosure test. If you or your group would not want to disclose this action, then youd better reevaluate your choice. 11. What is the symbolic potential of your action if understood? Misunderstood? What you intend may not be what the public perc eives (see Questions 5 and 6).If your company is a notorious polluter, contributions to local arts groups may be seen as an attempt to divert attention from your firms poor environmental record, not as a generous civic gesture. 12. Under what conditions would you allow ejections to your stand? Moral consistency is critical, but is there any basis for making an exception? Dorm rules might require that visiting hours end at midnight on weekdays. Yet, as a resident assistant, is there any time when you would be instinctive to overlook violations? During finals week? On the evening before classes start?When dorm residents and visitors are working on class projects? 258PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies Balance Sheet Advantages (Pros) Highlights the importance of gathering facts Encourages perspective taking Forecasts results and consequences over time Disadvantages (Cons) Is extremely time consuming May not always reach a conclusion Ignores implementation Like the ethica l checkpoints, the 12 questions highlight the importance of problem identification and information gathering. They go a step further, however, by encouraging us to engage in perspective taking.We need to see the problem from the other partys point of view, consider the possible injury we might cause, clear others to give us feedback, and consider how our actions will be perceived. We also need to envision results and take a longterm perspective, imagining how our decisions will stand the test of time. Stepping back can keep us from making choices we might regret later. For example, the decision to test nuclear weapons on U. S. soil without warning citizens may have seemed justified to officials waging the rimed War. However, now even the federal government admits that these tests were immoral. NW E FOCUS ON FOLLOWER ETHICS PAYING BACK MICROSOFT? S Software monstrosity Microsoft made an embarrassing error when it engaged in the first widespread layoffs in the firms history. Compan y officials overpaid an average of $4,000$5,000 to 25 out of the first 1,400 workers it furloughed. After discovering the error, the firm sent a letter asking for repayment from the 25 laid-off workers, requesting a check or money order and apologizing for the inconvenience. contents of the letter soon appeared on the Internet and in the national media. Microsoft officials then backed off their attempts to get the money back.According to a company spokesperson, This was a mistake on our part. We should have handled this situation in a more thoughtful manner. We are reaching out to those impacted to relay that we will not seek any payment from CHAPTER 7. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior259 those individuals. 1 While Microsoft decided to drop the matter because of negative publicity, the fact remains that some employees received more than they were promised. Except for a clerical error, the company did nothing wrong and has a legal right to ask for restitution.One outplacement ex pert noted that just because Microsoft is a large company doesnt mean it should have to automatically pay the cost for this mistake. What if theyd put an extra three zeros on it? he wondered. Of course theyd expect to get it back. 2 If you were one of the laid-off workers overpaid by Microsoft, would you give the money back? Why or why not? Would your response be different if the amount of the overpayment was much bigger and the company much smaller? Notes 1. Microsoft will not seek overpaid severance. (2009, February 23). TECHWEB. 2. Microsoft will not seek overpaid severance. Sources Chan, S. P. 2009, May 6). Microsoft may not be done cutting jobs. The Seattle Times, p. A1. Microsoft will not seek overpaid severance. (2009, February 23). TECHWEB. I suspect that some groups will be foil by the amount of time it takes to answer the 12 questions. Not only is the model detailed, but discussing the problem with affected parties could take a series of meetings over a period of weeks a nd months. Complex issues such as determining who should clean up river pollution involve a variety of constituencies with very different agendas (government agencies, company representatives, citizens groups, conservation clubs).Some decision makers may also be put off by the models ambiguity. Nash admits that experts may define problems differently, that there may be exceptions to the decision, and that groups may use the procedure and never reach a conclusion. Finally, none of the questions use the ethical standards we identified in Chapter 5 or address the problem of implementing the choice once it is made. The Case Study Method The case study method is widely used for making medical diagnoses. At many hospitals, groups made up of doctors, nurses, and other staff members 260PART III. Ethical Standards and Strategies eet regularly to talk about particularly troublesome cases. They may be unable to determine the require nature of the illness or how to best treat a patient. Many o f these deliberations involve ethical issues such as whether to keep a terminally ill person on life support or how to respond to patients who demand unnecessary tests and procedures. The group solicits a variety of viewpoints and gathers as much information as possible. Members engage in analogical reasoning, comparing the specifics of a particular case with similar cases by describing the patient, her illness, and relationships with her family.Instead of focusing on how universal principles and standards can be applied in this situation, hospital personnel are more concerned with the details of the case itself. Participants balance competing perspectives and values, reach tentative conclusions, and look for similarities between the current case and earlier ones. Medical ethicist and communication scholar David H. Smith argues that the case-based approach is a powerful technique because it is based on narrative or story. 30 When decision makers describe cases, they are telling stor ies.These narratives say as much about the storyteller as they do about the reality of the case. Facts are not objective truth but rather are reflections of what the narrator thinks is true and important. Stories knit these perceptions into a coherent whole. When discussing the fate of patients, it is not enough to know medical data. Hospital personnel need to learn about the patients history, the costs and benefits of various treatment options, and other factors such as the wishes of relatives and legal issu

Nanny 911 Discussion

Discussion No. 3- Nanny 911 This clip of Nanny 911 was about a family who had deuce young boys. The mother and father were having trouble absolute their sons behavior, one with his high energy and teasing, and the other with sleeping issues. The family was evaluated by the she-goat and she brought galore(postnominal) issues to light. Some of the offenses dealt with in this episode were the father wrestling with his sons, the oldest son, Ryan, pushing his mothers buttons all day long, and the youngest son not going to merchant ship in his own bed at night, often times screaming and crying for hours on end.The nanny put the family to the test with her strategies to reclaim order in the home. First, she brings up two points from her nanny book. The first, which is aimed at Christophers nighttime sleeping patterns, has a solution of giving the boy more independence as he is getting off to bed. The tonic would wait at the door for 5 minutes instead of lying next to Christopher in bed. This was a sort of weaning off strategy that in conclusion paid off. Next, the issue with Ryan and his mother sound off him, and he retorting with immaturity. The mother was to stop nitpicking and start positive acknowledgement of the boys achievements.This helped create a friendlier human relationship between Ryan and his mother, as he began easing up off of the immature badgering and bantering that he had previously been involved with. The type of conditioning displayed in this video segment was of course operant conditioning. The boys were being conditioned by their father in the wrestling and sleeping patterns, and by their mother in the nagging and smart replies back segments. All the conditioning was at long last resolved when the nanny broke the cycle of the stirs setting bad influences on their children. The children followed suit and began to obey their parents requests.The reinforcements displayed were positive reinforcement for the boys with their baseball chart, a c hart displaying good behaviors represented by a baseball for each good act. This chart is a positive reinforcement because it gave the children their freedom to enjoy their privileges as opposed to losing them. The father displayed Bandoras Bobo Doll behavior by wrestling with the boys. When someone gets cut, the father entitles the hurt boy to hit the other with a free shot. This behavior caused the boys to associate hitting with a form of handling situations.This caused more fighting and issues controlling the boys further. The law of frequency was seen here with Ryan reacting to his mothers comments on what the boys did wrong. Every time she said something, he would chime in, thus escalating the situation. His mother then would avenge Ryan for his talking back, which helped to illustrate a discrimitive stimuli example. Overall, the work of the nanny helped to offer a peace and balance to the family with their problems and going forward the parents now know what to do with their behaviors and ultimately will lead to a much happier and healthier home.

Dark Child Essay

Ideology-Countries whose history is strongly marked by western atomic number 63an immigration or settlement, such as the Americans, and the Australians, and is not restricted to Western Europe (Wikidpedia. org). Many countries around the world have been influenced by the western ideology. Western Ideology includes components such as literary, education, political and philosophical views, and most of all, religion. In the autobiography, The shabbiness Child, Camara Laye, is a person who faces these types of challenges. He requires stuck between his own traditional and the western ideologies.In the Dark Child, Camara Layes y tabuh and development of his cultural and own(prenominal) values as a young man is explained. He is musical composition of the Malinke tribe in the vill hop on of Koroussa in Upper Guinea and is eldest out of many brothers and sisters. In the beginning, he learns round many of the traditions and customs his plenty. He is told about Totemism-the fact that eve rybody has a spiritual animal that is chosen by the persons character. While learning about his people, he has attends a Koran school and then a French school in another part of town.Later in the book, he learns about Konden Diara- a ceremony that is a ritual used to conquer a boys fear in the lead the initiation of circumcision. He undergoes the ritual and circumcision-represents a rite of passage a boy is now a man. After graduating from his school, Laye leaves at 15 years of age to attend a technical college in Guineas capital city of Conakry. Like any mother, Layes warns him to be careful with strangers and sends him off on a train to live with his Uncles Sekou and Mamadou in Conakry where he comes across many cultural changes.In the school, in a new city for the starting time in his experience, Laye encounters difficult language barriers and a hot, humid climate more taxing and oppressive than that in his Koroussa home. He also correspondks changes during the day where peopl e at their work are dressed in a Western demeanor, but in boubous when they come home from work. Laye lives the flavour of a normal college school student, studying at the schools campus and returning home to Koroussa during the holidays. When he returns, he sees the transformation within his family and friends.Later, he finishes his studies in Conakry and is offered a once in a lifetime opportunity to study in France. His mother greatly disapproves, but Laye and his acquire convinces his mother. At the end of the book, Laye leaves for France, and promises to himself that he result return to his people. As I was variant the book, it made realize the position of Africa and where it stood as a country. I felt distinctly as I was reading throughout the book, western values and traditions were overrunning the traditions of not only Africa but Layes life as well.Since the beginning of the book, he not an ordinary child in the village peoples eyes. He was one of the many who was sen t out to attend school and be educated. His father knew what was to come of Africa, modernization. In my opinion, I think his father placed Laye in school for the purpose to contribute to his people, as oppose to being a goldsmith like himself. As he moved to Conakry, he moved in with his uncle Mamadou. His uncle lived in a European-style house. Was it unfamiliarity, or the humid heat of the town, or the fatigue of two days in the train that kept me from quiescence? Yet it was a very comfortable house the room I slept in was large, and the bed soft, softer than any I had previously slept on (147). Laye was astonished about his living headquarters. He was not used to this style and roominess. As I earlier stated, people in Conakry dressed differently during the day than at home. It took him a little while to get used to this as well. Later in the book, he would return home during the holidays.As he came back, he sight that his mother had been plastered with white clay. Originally i t had been like the other huts, but gradually it began to acquire a European look (169). His was trying to adapt to the style of the west through her sons experience in Conakry. She was expressing not only her love for Laye, but also her feelings toward the western tradition. While he was in his village, one of his friends Chet was seriously ill. The medicine men gave him remedies and charms to help her but there was no significant change at all.Laye and his other friend knew that he had to see a white doctor at the hospital. Chet passed away after a week. Because of Layes education from the west, he knew that the medicine men were insufficient. From experiences and education of the west, he has become a man with wisdom of both cultures. The Dark Child is a wonderful journey through Camara Layes personal experiences. It shares many of his experiences and challenges through his life as a youth and young man. I really enjoyed the book and thought it was really educating.

Human growth and development-Conception to Birth Essay

ConceptionThis is the very first stage of the making of a human baby which is kn suffer as conception. This is when the sex electric cell or (gamete) from the males sperm and agamete from the womans ovum or egg cell join to form the embryo.Conception dejection only occur during ovulation, which happens al about the ticker of the month between menstrual periods.The human babys life dismays as a single cell which is form when the sperm and egg cell join and the egg becomes fertilised, creating life. The fertilised egg (zygote) divides into two and continues to do so rapidly, at this stage some cells form the embryo and some of the targetnta. These cells now resemble a mulberry, are called morulla and take rough 4 days to travel along the fallopian tube and into the uterus. This point it is called a blastocyst.The blastocyst now gets attached to the uterus rampart by tiny projections called villi. Once it attached to the uterus it connects to the blood stream, so it is able to a bsorb oxygen and essential nutrients for fast growth. Around 10 to 14 days after conception the baby is called an embryo.After conception and the embryo is formed bustment of it begins into a full term foetus. The 3 stages of development are known as trimesters.First trimesterWeek 3(embryonic stage) first period missed.Foundation of the brain and nervous system is laid downAmnion sac is formed around the embryo, which floats in a liquid (the amniotic fluid).The placenta is formed, which lies against the uterus wall and acts as the liver, lungs and kidneys for the embryo and the foetus. The placenta is connected to the embryos circulatory system by the umbilical cord. Nutrients pass through with(predicate) to the embryo and digestive waste products and CO2 pass from the baby to the mother.(Btec national early years, Penny tassoni)Week 4 the nervous tube closes( if this does not close spina bifida occurs)The embryo is around 6.4mm in lengthWeek 5 the babys heart be can be detect ed and the embryo is now the same size as a small seed.Week 8 the embryo is a round of golf 8mm long, and has developed the startle reflex. The g everywherenance of the looks, ears, organs and limb buds is at a rudimentary stage.Foetal stage (week 12) the baby is now called a foetus and all its body parts stomach large they just need to be refined. The foetus can swallow, cull, somersault and has also developed the sucking reflex. The foetus organs are functioning it measures about 7.5cm and has downy hair and fingernails.Second trimesterWeek 15 the foetus hears its first soundsWeek 16- the genitals of the foetus have formed. From this stage the sex of the baby can be determined all though difficult. A greasy wax substance covers the babys skin, this is called vernix.Week 20- the baby weighs around 460g and babies born at this stage have a very low chance of survival.Week 22- baby can dream and feel emotions. It develops reflex to root and grasp, their bones change and thei r body grows.Week 24- if born at this stage has a reasonable chance of survival with intensive care as lungs are not nonetheless fully developed. The eyes open for the first time.Week 27- is very active e.g. kicking and moving around, and weighs around 500g and is 33cms long.Third trimesterWeeks 28-32- the foetus rapidly grows to about 1700g and is about 35cm long. Developing brain able to process information much and respond to it, like recognising voices peculiarly the mothers. Starts to develop waking and sleeping rhythm.Weeks 33-36 foetus continues to grow and gains bout 280g a week Brain develops rapidly and tribal chief grows more to allow this. Fine hair covering body disappears. The foetus can now swallow, strike breathing movements and urinate. Glycogen forms in liver for energy during birth and soon afterwards. Also the head engages in the pelvis for 1st pregnancies otherwise may not be until labour.Weeks 37-40- amount of amniotic fluid reduces and foetus grows to fi ll amniotic sac. Foetus is about 3kg and its head is lying down. Birth may take place between weeks 38 and 42.Now that the baby is born, some dramatic changes provide take place in all areas of their growth and development, during its first year of life. infra is a month by month guide to how babies grow and develop up until the age of 1 year.0-1 months- babies express emotion mainly by crying, grimacing, or displaying a bright and alert face. Babies are very open to learning at around 3 to 6 weeks they develop diametric crying sounds for different needs e.g. hunger. Babies have reflexes which help them to survive and as they start to fade their movements become more deliberate and controlled. E.g. the walking reflex disappears after the first some weeks and they learn to walk at around 12 months. It is important to interact with babies as they gain a lot from it, especially with their family or carers.1 month- most babies lift their heads, respond to sounds, and stare at faces. Some babies may also be able to follow objects, ohh and ahh, and can see black and white patterns. Their coat of arms are very active and constantly moving although they do not have much control over them. At this age babies start to take their carers face and voice and they become settled if they hear, smell, feel or see their parent or carer. Between now and 2 months of age babies communicate by cooing and use of gestures, this shows their skill to take turns in conversation.2 months at this age babies are on their way to realising that they and their carer are separate beings. Babies can temper up head for short periods and they entrust also follow objects. Babies show a variety of emotions (e.g. hunger) via their facial expressions, arm, leg and finger movements.3 months- Babies can hold their head up and may roll over when placed on tummy and they will also begin to wave and kick their arms as their muscles are strengthening. Babies will watch their own move overs, will press them together and clasp reach together in finger play.They begin to eat and sleep more regularly, respond to voices, grimace atfaces become more alert and look around for longer, cry and vocalizemore.4 months- at this age babies can hold their head up and put weight on their legs as muscles strengthen. Around now babies develop vowel sounds and then their first consonants sounds are heard, which are learnt through self exploration (this is also know as babbling and usually occurs when babies are alone). Babies at 4 months begin to develop their self image which helps them over the coming months discover the kind of person they are as well as what they can do.5 months- babies can distinguish between bold colours, roll over, and amuse themselves by playing with hands and feet. They enjoy listening to music, looking at speakers lips and mouth to show that they enjoy listening to speech. Babies will show a clear preference for a loved one. Their primitive squeeze appears but the ir hand movement is uncontrolled therefore finds it difficult to let go of objects. Also they enjoy practising dropping and throwing e.g. toys.6 months- up until now babies gain an average of 0.5oz (14.2g) to 1oz (28.4g) every day The babies coo and smiling now effect to babbling and chuckling. Between now and 10 months babies will babble (add on consonants and make strings of sound e.g. dah dah dah). Babies opportunity to play increases, especially when encouraged by an interested adult. Encouragement to interact and play promotes positive self image. By now most babies have learned all the staple and distinct sounds of their native language.Babies of this age will also reach out for things and grasp them, sleep in a favourite position, get their first teeth, caper and squeal, shows pleasure and displeasure through sounds, looks carefully at things they see, recognises carer best may be afraid of others.7 months- they can sit without support, reach for objects with a wholesale mo tion and imitate speech sounds. Babies of this age are aware of their emotions or feelings and start to realise that others have emotional responses linked to their interactions they also begin to develop their understanding that they exist separate to others.8 months- babies of this age can say dada and mama to both parents (they arent specific), begin to crawl and pass objects from hand to hand. Words begin to have some meaning and they form a clear image that those around them are important.9 months- babies learn hand eye co-ordination to pick up small objects. They handle objects with enthusiasm e.g. passing from one hand to the other. Develops early pincer grip. Babies of this age should be able to combine syllables into volume like sounds, stand while holding onto something, sit unsupported for up to a minute, imitate sounds, watch others, feed self, hold bottle, be shy with strangers, smile at own face, and respond to own name.Babies communication becomes increasingly intent ional, they may show object as a way to communicate which paves the way for pointing. They begin to understand familiar names of people and objects, and babbling is in longer strings (bababa mamama)10 months- babies begin to respond to simple commands such as up you come. They are able to wave goodbye, pick things up with developed pincer grasp, crawl well, and cruise. Babies of this age can tell the difference between their own regional accent and foreign ones, and understands her name.11 months- can say dada and mama to the right parent (is specific), plays patty-cake, stands alone for a couple of seconds, can upgrade upstairs, can scribble with crayons. At this age babies will begin to speak in gibberish while making a few clear sounds. It is at this age that social skills advance. Imitation also starts, where they love to copy but they learn through doing so.12 months- at this age babies become more receptive of doing things themselves, being independent and more open to thing s around them. They pick up small objects e.g. crumbs with a confident pincer grip they use both hands freely but may show preference for one. Children are now aware of themselves as people in their own right. Sometimes this is shown in negatively charged ways of strong will e.g. throwing a tantrum to get required attention. Their first words are linked to familiar things e.g. daddy, car.Babies will begin to imitate others activities, jabber word like sounds, indicate wants with gestures. The birth weight will have tripled by this age, and most will have grown a total of around 10 inches in length since birth. Most babies are able to sit steady for 10 minutes, pull self to a standing position, crawl on hands and knees, understand no no, says two words, become more confident with strangers, show emotions e.g. affection, likes to be with adults, cooperates in dressing, and turns pages in books.First single words are spoken in a childs version e.g. du for duck. Will understand names o f people and objects in a normal context. Will begin to shake head for no and try to sing to music.

Enabling Technologies Essay

Technology is cardinal form of human assets that has capacitated human subtlety to develop by leaps and bounds since ages. For me, engine room has made my life trouble-free and convenient. Due to technology I set out to put little effort and I get greater inputs and results. Furthermore, with passage of time, I convey established emotional attachment with some manifestation of technology, for example my automobile. So technology has not that facilitated my life only it has elevated my living standards. This paper will explore how technology helped my life and entertained me in whiz modal value or the other.It has en fitd me to door more information worldwide and provided with divers(a) modal(a) of sleep withing my life. This paper will further look at how technology has contributed toward my self-development and how it helped me to socialize me in a befitting way. net and socialization & additionibility My relationship to technology involves to its two basic functions. Accessibility is the fore nearly feature of technology that I apply and have spend frequently to solve my daily problems. I stop access a wealth of information exploitation variety of technologies e. g. earnings, television, cell ph wizard, radio. But I use internet quite frequently to access information and spend my leisure time. Socialization is another aspect of internet technology that I use the intimately. With the offshoot of internet technology, online friendship has thrived by leaps and bounds. Over the last decade more and more people are getting in touch via computer and Internet access. This phenomenon is known as cyber socialization. Internet is most convenient and easily accessible way to get in touch with others and to create relationships.My first memory to use this feature of internet goes back to 2001 when I used the chat rooms for the first time. I joined the chat rooms of various communities including my native community, my senile class fellows, and commu nities on some of my favourites topics. I joined one chat on war against terrorism in 2003 and learnt a lot rough the views of diametrical groups on this war. It included viewpoints from Muslim countries on jahadists, talibans and American jingoists as well as the American viewpoints and feelings on the issue of 9/11.So I was fit to look on both viewpoints instead of single-sided viewpoints as propagated by American media. Later on, I joined Facebook and Orkut in 2006 and created my own communities and chat rooms. This aspect of technology has not only helped me in socialization but also helped me to learn about the opinions of others. It further ins cashboxed in me the ability to respect others viewpoints, beliefs and opinions. This will further machinate possible for me to understand diversity in human thoughts and to learn from these thoughts and beliefs.Access to this information has permitted me to understand my role in creating a peaceful and peace-loving world. Internet s ocialization helped me in another way. I was very shy at the thresh darkened of adulthood and was unable to discuss my versed problems with anyone at home or school as I was only 12 years old. So I took the opportunity and posted my questions and issues about intimateity online and got assembleing answers. Most of the major(ip) servers (such as MSN and AOL) have sexuality forums in which individuals can go to discuss issues relating to sexuality.Most of the chat rooms were based on discussions about variety of sexual topics and people engaged in them are from different age groups. So I got my queries answered by experienced persons. So it was internet technology that helped me to get sexual maturity in a proper way and at the right time. So this manifestation of technology has meant a lot to me and I think it is one of the most beneficial contribution of technology toward my life. It has in allowed me to understand my biological self and needs. It further enabled me how much one can help other through this medium of technology and I will continue helping other as others have helped me.Internet is a growing domineering force in ones educational lives as it provides easy and round-the-clock access to the education through various means. Back in 1999, my parents considered the education as the single most frequent and vital motivation to buy me a computer thus enabling me to use Internet. Although internet capacitates students to learn in a traditional way by attending online classes and tutorials and reading online books material and stuff but it taught me in an unconventional way i. e. to gain knowledge and information by using effectual websites and discussion rooms.It also enhanced my general knowledge and created in me a high rationality level and awareness about various contemporary socio-cultural issues. The most important features of education through internet are its all-pervasiveness and all-time availability that enabled me to get education anywh ere anytime. I used to search various topics online about current affairs and general knowledge and I used to surf from one web page to other page accumulating a wealth of information. I did not go to library to search pages and pages to locate some information related to some topics of my interests.I needed not to schedule my learning timings as online access was 24 hours round and I was able to get information depending on my mood and my convenience. Later on Wikipedia was introduced and now I am able to enhance my general knowledge by reading articles on various subjects on www. wikipedia. com. I used to read stories since my childhood and purchased story books for this purpose. But in 2002 I found and accessed some stories online. So there was no need to spend extra amount on story books and I used to enjoy these stories online.With the passage of time, I nurtured a taste for literature. I found a lot of literature online but to read more books online, I got paid access to Quest ia online library in 2005. This use of technology has helped me to et better grades in my academic life and to understand the world and life in general. It is also important as it takes little efforts and time to get more information. Another relationship between and internet technology was established when I was hankering after a logical argument in 2005. Job-hunting is always a laborious task that requires too much effort and paper-work.But internet made this easier for me. Before the development of internet, well-established conventional recruitment methodologies were in common practice where newspapers ads and job fairs were the usual practices and norm of the organization involved in the hiring process. The conventional process of recruitment used to operate in specific geographical boundaries and was characterized by national and international boundaries. Another hallmark of this traditional hiring methodology was that jobs were advertised at a standard time.But with the ad vent of internet and the development of online recruitment process, these geographical and time restrictions were removed. Online jobs advertisement and information is available to everyone everywhere and anytime. Accessibility of jobs are no problem and one can download a job at 24 hours a day, 7 geezerhood a week and it is reachable by any individual from succeeding(a) door to people sitting in other continents. So I used this e-recruitment option to get a job in 2005. Facilitating Life through Technology Technology has facilitated the life to a great extent. It has made my life easier by providing a lot of facilitations.The foremost of technologies that has affected my life is electricity. Since the age of three, I had a dependence on electricity as I used to charge batteries of my toys using electricity. When I grew younger, I learnt that most of the things that I use in life are dependent on electricity. Electricity used to provide me with sufficient heating in extreme colds when everything outside used to freeze. Without it cool breezes in summer were not possible. In my childhood and adolescence, most of the things related to my entertainment were dependant on electricity.TV, DVD player, computers, play-stations, music systems, digital cameras, video cameras, lights, refrigerators etc. were all activated when plugged into an electricity source. My automobile is another manifestation of technology. I learnt to drive auto at the age of 14 and since then, my automobile is one of my surmount companions. I have a very personalized relationship with it. Whenever I needed to roam around, to meet my friends mile away, to go through a relative, my automobiles was willing to satisfy my wishes. Beside these wants and wishes, there were genuine needs and requirements.For example, in 2005 it happened that I lost some of my medicines somewhere in the house at night, so I needed to visit a chemist late at night to get some medicines. The nearest chemist was about 10 miles away. If there would have been not automobile, it would have taken me 2 hours on foot to reach the chemist in that cold shivering night. This was horrifying. But my automobile was there and I reached to chemist in 10 minutes and got the required medicines. So for me, automobiles and other means of transport are not accessories or luxuries but they are genuine necessities as it have enabled me to save my life.I am interested in the development of more quick and swift transport like jets and bullet trains as it will annul the wastage of time traveling from one place to another. I have a very deep relationship with my computer. When I first purchased a Pentium computer in 1999, its essential purpose was entertainment i. e. to play games, to watch videos. I also used it to perform it certain other simple tasks like communication using my e-mails using Hotmail and Yahoo and perform simple calculations. With the passage of time my interest grew up. It became an everyday necessit y in my life.As mentioned earlier, I used internet and got various educational and social benefits. I used to create my school reports on it using Microsoft Word. In 2003, I helped my mother by creating an inventory of household items on Microsoft Excel. Through everyone in house was able to locate particulars things that were placed at particular places. I further helped my mother to manage budgets and have a discharge keeping of daily utilities on Excel sheet. In 2004, I bought a Sony Cyber-shot digital camera and stored albums of my friends and family on computers.I shared these with rest of friends by displace through e-mails. This was cost effective as well as convenient. So computer not only facilitated my life but it also helped me to facilitate my family members. socialize Life through Technology Beside physical needs, humans have aesthetics needs too. To fulfill aesthetics needs entrainments in necessary. Technology has also revolutionized the welkin of entertainment. I too enjoy watching TV and going to cinema houses whenever I have time. My first encounter with TV goes back to childhood days when I watched cartoons at the age of 3.Later on I switched over to movie channels and latest shifts were news channels like BBC World and CNN in 2007 that enabled me to keep an eye on the changing world affairs. I also enjoy listening music in MTV and Channel V but I prefer to enjoy a full-fledge multimedia system for music. Going cinemas is another encounter with technology. The big screen with great sound system produces an atmosphere of richness and movies like Terminator 2 and Jurassic Park provide real entertainment in this atmosphere. At the age of 12, I went to cinemas with my parents for the first time.From that time till now, it becomes a habit of mine to go for movie with my friends occasionally. Sony play-stations and Nintendo game portals are other sources of technological entrainment that I often use. Though my relationship with game is old bu t I still enjoy playing adults games on Nintendo. Combating in tough real life scenario in games not only entertains one but it also educate one how to coup with the difficulties of life and how to remove hurdles. I recalled several images from games and made comparisons whenever I went through some real life challenges. completionAlthough I have encircles only three main features of technology that covers various technologies but it must be kept in mind that we use one aspect or manifestation of technology every minute. And with everyday there comes a new technology and another becomes obsolete. So world of technology is high-power where one needs to adopt the emerging and changing technologies. We also not forget that like every product, technology too has its bad effects. We should look into its positive effects and should work together with developers and scientists to minimize its negative effects.