Gansz V. Alton Haunted House Essay Example for Free

Gansz V. Alton Haunted signboard EssayThe encase of Gansz V. Alton Haunted House originated when a girl tripped while running from an individual with a loud labour driven chainsaw at a haunted house in Alton, Illinois on October 29, 2011 (Faces of font Abuse, 2013). The girls father, Terry Gansz, use ups the haunted house bit included a section where patrons were directed through a passage leading to a ramp with an entry to the rear of the haunted bus. American server is being blamed for the design of the haunted house making it difficult for patrons to exit the attraction (Madison Record, 2013). Arguing that the plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risks of the haunted house, the defendants claim they are not at fault and should not be conjectural for any injuries claimed (Madison Record, 2013). Issue Has negligence been demonstrated?RuleAccording to Cheeseman (2013), negligence is a A doctrine that says a person is liable for harm that is the foreseeable consequence of hi s or her actions (p.91). The elements of negligence include obligation of CareBreach of DutyHarmLegal CausationThe case of Gansz versus Alton Haunted House exemplifies the foundation of the fault principle. Terry Gansz the father of a new-made girl who was injured when she tripped oer a ramp at the Haunted House alleges that there was failure to ensure the safety of the patrons who visited the haunted house.Alton Haunted House had a duty to object lesson reasonable care for those who would visit the haunted house. The unforeseen danger of the participants were not averted and the injuries suffered by the young girl is the fault of Alton Haunted House. Alton Haunted House believes the young girls harm was the result of her own negligence. It was not the duty of the young girl to research beforehand the possible dangers of the haunted house.AnalysisIn our analysis of the case team D recognized that there were flaws in the defendants case. The defendants had a responsibility, a duty in fact, to ensure the safety of the patrons. There should be a limit as to how far actors should be allowed to come to patrons. Also nowhere in the case did it state that a sign was posted stating arrive at your own risk or anything of that nature. So team D concluded that the defendant must be held liable for their action because there were no clear policies in place for employees with regards to chasing patrons. . Duty of care is listed as Duty of care is defined as the obligation people owe each other that is, the duty not to cause any unreasonable harm or risk of harm (Cheeseman, 2013, p. 91). We believe that is was there duty to ensure safety.Conclusion instruction Team D reviewed the case of Gansz v. Alton Haunted House using the IRAC method. Based on the issue, rule, and analysis conducted, the teams conclusion is that Alton Haunted House is liable for negligence because they breached their duty of care. This breach resulted in foreseeable injuries to the plaintiff. In th is case, patrons did assume a level of risk by entering into the house however, Alton Haunted House still had a responsibility to ensure their employees were properly trained and supervised prior to interacting with patrons in order to minimize the risk of injury. This case provides an excellent representative of the liabilities business owners may encounter. Therefore, in any business managerial setting it is imperative that owners carefully consider how their actions or lack of actions could lead to a lawsuit.ReferencesFaces of Lawsuit Abuse. (2013). Girl chased at haunted house sues Alton.Retrieved from http//www.facesoflawsuitabuse.org/2012/10/girl-chased-at-haunted-house-with-chainsaw-sues-alton-american-legion/ Madison Record. (2013). Bellville attorney to represent Alton in haunted house lawsuit. Retrieved from http//madisonrecord.com/issues/366-personal-injury/249477-belleville-attorney-to-represent-alton-in-haunted-house-lawsuit Madison Record. (2013). November trial vacate d in girls suit against Alton haunted house. Retrieved from http//madisonrecord.com/issues/366-personal-injury/259790-november-trial-vacated-in-girls-suit-against-alton-haunted-house-cmc-set-eve-of-halloween

Scientific Management - for a Different Time and Place Essay Example for Free

scientific Management for a Different Time and Place Essayscientific Management was first described by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th century. Its relevance to modern day c are is widely debated in academic circles. In this essay, I will address the question of whether scientific Management has a place today, in a 21st Century Knowledge Economy, or whether it belongs to a different time and place. I will argue that much of modern management practice is derived from Taylors theories and that in this sense his work is very relevant. Next, I will examine the context in which Taylor developed his principles and contrast this with the contemporary context.Then I will evaluate the relevance of each of Taylors 4 Principles to today, with help from a case study of the NUMMI car manufacturing plant. Finally, I will examine the modern forms of Scientific Management, and what the future holds. Standing on the Shoulders of Giants The Academic section of Scientific Management Every ma nner during these past hundred years that has had the slightest success in raising the productivity of manual workers and with it their real wages has been base on Taylors principles. (Drucker, 1999)Taylors Scientific Management played a crucial part in the formation of management as an academic discipline. some of our modern systems are built on the foundations laid by Scientific Management and elements of this are still clearly visible in modern ancestry practice. Before Taylors mentations, business management was not taught or even considered a discipline. It was seen as a matter of personal style and that there was no one best way. Taylor challenged this idea and laid the foundations for management to be studied and evolve.He believed that management should e trained and qualified. Harvard, one of the first universities to purpose a degree in business management in 1908, based its first-year curriculum on Taylors scientific management. Scientific Management influenced man y thinkers, including pack McKinsey, founder of the consultant inviolable bearing his name. McKinsey built on Taylors ideas and advocated budgets as a means of accountability and measuring performance of managers.Today the McKinsey consulting firm is one of the prime contributors to management thinking hey believe that Scientific Management is the future, an idea which will be contested later in this essay. Before scientific management, such departments as work study, personnel, maintenance and quality control did not exist. (Accel-Team) Taylors philosophy was important in the development of principles of management by theorists. Scientific Management advocated the division of labour, the separation of planning from operations, clear delineation of authority and the use of incentive schemes for workers.Taylor greatly contributed to the analysis of work design and gave rise to method study, including his time studies, which are described later in this essay. Management literature has taken many new twists since Taylors day, with Drucker coining the term Knowledge Workers in 1959. Druckers book Landmarks of Tomorrow, describes the declining importance of manual labour. This marked a need to move away from Scientific Management, a system based on personal value tasks.In 1980, management evolved further away from SM when Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham argued that workers need meaning and responsibility in their work to perform well, in their book Work Redesign. This idea contrasted with the disregard to the workers emotions and humanity in SM. The Context of Scientific Management Does the Purpose It Was Developed for Have Any Relevance Today? Scientific Management was designed with physical labour in mind. Taylor was inspired by what he observed in the steel industry, and developed a style of management which could be applied to the construction, processing and train industries among others.Today, tertiary activities form the majority of the economy in devel oped economies. Taylors system was designed in a time when secondary activities were just replacing primary activities as the largest sector, and tertiary activities were hardly developed at all. From this comes the argument that today we have moved into a knowledge economy and a new style of management must replace the now obsolete Scientific Management which was designed for standardized physical tasks. Gary Hamel terms this new style Management 2. 0.Taylor developed SM to counteract phenomenon of soldiering which he encountered in the steel industry. The reasons for soldiering were as follows1. The close universally held belief among workers that if they became more productive, fewer of them would be needed and jobs would be eliminated. 2. Non-incentive wage systems encourage low productivity if the employee will receive the same cede regardless of how much is produced, assuming the employee stack convince the employer that the slow pace really is a good pace for the job.Emplo yees take great care neer to work at a good pace for precaution that this faster pace would become the new standard. If employees are paid by the quantity they produce, they fear that management will decrease their per-unit pay if the quantity increases. 3. Workers waste much of their effort by relying on rule-of-thumb methods rather than on optimal work methods that can be determined by scientific study of the task. (NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center) Soldiering is not a common practice in knowledge economies.The job that Taylor developed his principles around are from a different time and place as these three reasons are largely non-existent now. The first reason for soldiering is no longer a problem because today incentive wage systems encourage high productivity through bonuses. Workers believe high productivity will consequence in promotion rather than jobs being eliminated. In the successful NUMMI car manufacturing plant a no layoff policy was employed to eliminate worker s fear that they are jeopardizing jobs every time they come up with an idea to improve efficiency. (Adler)

Theories of Intelligence

Theories of IntelligencePeople be diverse. Some think faster than others, some learn faster than others. Some are naturally equitable at art, others are naturally good at math. Some people have a hard time in kind situations, and some snapshot through them. What causes people to be so different? Intelligence. Intelligence determines a souls potential and how well they are able to learn. However, apprehension is not definitive and unbiased as in that respect are many promoters that make intelligence a complex concept. If the line is blurred between what is and what is not intelligence, how was intelligence initially outlined? Intelligence has been theorized, tested, and investigated for a long time.Theories have been made in order to define intelligence. Three prominent theorists have contributed to what the modern world knows today as intelligence. A British psychologist, Charles Spearman theorized that the definition of intelligence among society has a common factor known as general intelligence, likewise referred to as g, which represents the potential to be rationalize and re shed light on issues. The other factors of intelligence are known specific factors, which are also referred to as s. Spearman claimed that ones proficiency in a given conquer correlates to that of similar subjects (Rathus), yet not a single person is good at everything, and it is no ones fault the fault lies with the way the mind works. Louis Thurstone was another psychologist who theorized that there were eight separate factors that make up intelligence visual and spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical anility, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning. Each factor pertained to a certain(a) factor. For example, visual and spatial ability pertains to the ability to conceptualize information, but the verbal meaning factor pertains to the ability to recall words and phrases. equal to Spearmans theory, Thurstones theory claims a person can be naturally competent in one factor, but significantly less competent in another. (Rathus 210). The brave out theory originated from Howard Gardener, a recent psychologist who claimed not that there are multiple factors of intelligence, but that intelligence wide foundation with several branches of intelligence. Gardner claimed that the different kinds of intelligence are linguistic, logical-mathematics, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence. Gardener believes social intelligence is as important as academic intelligence. For example, a person could excel in social skills, but not in school. Throughout history, psychologists have formed theories in order to explain what intelligence and how it works.Intelligence plays a part in everyday life. The human ability to operate in social situations and learn in academic situations encompasses the general idea what life on earth is. In order to define and categorize intelligence, intelligence tests have been made. According the Encyclopedia of Mind Disorders intelligence tests examine the psychology of a person and evaluate his mentality (Mind Disorders). There four tests that are utilize most commonly are Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Wechsler-Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and Wechsler Primary Preschool Scale of Intelligence, which consist of trials of mathematics, verbal tests, and motor skills. There are advantages and disadvantages to employ intelligence tests. The advantages include that testing uniformly measures the capability of a person and can identify gifts indoors him, opening greater opportunities, as well identities certain learning disabilities in a person, preventing damage to persist, while the drawbacks include that the tests normally give specific quantities that describe the functionality of a person, but intelligence itself is complex and a one dimensional number does not suff iciently determine a persons intelligence. Another disadvantage of intelligence tests is that the components of one intelligence test can also differ from the components of another intelligence test, altering his measure of intelligence. A common scale used in determining the intelligence of a person within the use of intelligence tests is the intelligence quotient, which is also known as IQ. (Mind Disorders). The average IQ is 100 a person with an IQ lower than 70 to 75 is fancyed intellectually disabled (WebMD). The bell curve made from IQ tests are able to categorize people from intellectually disabled to genius. In order to assay and measure intelligence, tests have been made to investigate and to further advance the unanswered field.Humans are not perfect there is an incredible variety of different kinds of hindrances that affect the everyday life of all different kinds of people. One type of hindrance that can hold back a person is their ability to learn, or learning disabil ities, which can be qualified by below-average intelligence and a lack of ability to perform everyday skills (WebMD). Intellectual functioning pertains to IQ, the ability to learn, rationalize, solve problems, and make decisions. Adaptive behaviors pertain to social intelligence and motor skills. Signs of learning disability include late development of motor skills, late development of parley skills, slower development of everyday skills, difficulty with recalling past event, behavior problems, and difficulty with logical thinking (WebMD). Learning disabilities are determined by degrees of severity ranging from pocket-sized to profound. For mild learning disabilities which affects minor academic learning or smaller cognitive abilities such as short-term memory and mental flexibility. Learning disabilities do not necessarily limit the number of abilities a person can have, but prolong the amount of time it takes a person to learn them. The limitations brought on by learning disabil ities include intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. The next degree of severity is called moderate moderate learning disabilities causes a person to drop off behind the rest of his peers academically as well as require assistance for everyday life. The third degree of severity is severe learning disability, which causes a person to have a minimal conceptual understanding and require a caretaker. Finally, the last degree of severity is called profound learning disability, which causes a person to solely rely on the physical world to generate conceptual skills (Association).There are a number of causes that can cause learning disabilities as well. These causes range from genetic conditions to problems during gestation period and childbirth. Genetic conditions that cause learning disabilities include disorders such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and autism. Injuries such as mentality infections and severe head injuries and illnesses such as meningitis and the measl es can also cause learning disabilities. Consumption of alcohol or drug use during pregnancy can cause causing fetal alcohol syndrome and malnutrition (WebMD). For situations like pregnancy, learning disabilities and disorders can be prevented. For example, pregnant woman should refrain from drinking alcohol and consider ultrasounds and amniocentesis to identify the potential problem early (WebMD).Intelligence has been theorized, tested, and investigated for a long time. These theories, tests, and investigations have created a better understand of what intelligence is, at least to an extent. Intelligence is hard to define it is not only the good grades one receives in school, it is also how one functions in everyday life and in social situations.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Assocation. n.d. Web. 2 12 2016.Association, American Psychiatric. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington American Psychiatric Publshing, 2013. Print.Mind Disorders. n.d. Web. 03 12 2016.Rathus, Spencer A. Psychology Principles in Practice. Austin Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003. 209. Textbook.WebMD. n.d. Web. 3 12 2016.

Phonetic Transcription And Progress In Speech Synthesis

Ph 1tic Transcription And Progress In Speech SynthesisPhonetic organisation (or phonic notation) is the visual bureau of speech sounds (or phones). The most commonality type of phonetic organization uses a phonetic alphabet (e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet.The orthoepy of invents in umteen dustups, as distinct from their written form (writing remains), has undergone signifi asst change over time. Pronunciation can too vary greatly among dialects of a language. Traditional orthography in some languages, particularly French and position, often differs from the pronunciation. For example, the words bough and trough do not rhyme in English, even though their spellings might intimate they do. In French, for example, the s at the end of words is usually silent (militaire is pronounced the similar as militaires) unless followed by a word beginning in a vowel. In the orthography of most European languages, the fact that umteen earn atomic number 18 pronounced or sil ent depending on contexts causes difficulties in ascertain the appropriate pronunciation, especially in the cases of English, Irish, and French. However, in other languages, such(prenominal) as Spanish and Italian, there is a more consistent-though still imperfect-relationship in the midst of orthography and pronunciation.Therefore, phonetic musical arrangement can provide a function that orthography cannot. It displays a one-to-one relationship amid symbols and sounds, unlike the traditional Roman alphabet. Phonetic transcription allows us to step outside of orthography and examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given language, as well as to identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may wish to go further and specify the precise phonetic realisation. In all systems of transcription we may therefore distinguish between broad transcription and change t ranscription. Broad transcription indicates tho the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum. One particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference, and, as the name implies, is not really a phonetic transcription at all, however a representation of phonemic structure. the broad, phonemic transcription, placed between slashes, indicates merely that the word ends with phoneme /l/, still the narrow, allophonic transcription, placed between squargon brackets, indicates that this final /l/ is dark (velarized).The advantage of the narrow transcription is that it can help learners to get exactly the right sound, and allows linguists to make detailed analyses of language variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is ra rely representative of all speakers of a language. Most Americans and Australians would pronounce the /t/ of little as a tap . Many people in England would say /t/ as (a glottal stop) and/or the second /l/ as w or something similar. A further disadvantage in less technical contexts is that narrow transcription involves a larger sum of symbols which may be unfamiliar to non-specialists.The advantage of the broad transcription is that it usually allows statements to be made which apply across a more diverse language community. It is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in foreign language dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic exposit in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. A rule of thumb in many linguistics contexts is therefore to use a narrow transcription when it is indispensable for the point cosmos made, but a broad transcription whenever possible.The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is one of the most popular and well-known phonetic alphabet s. It was primitively created by primarily British language teachers, with subsequently efforts from European phoneticians and linguists. It has changed from its earlier intention as a tool of foreign language pedagogy to a practical alphabet of linguists. It is currently becoming the most often seen alphabet in the field of phonetics.Most American dictionaries for native English-speakers-American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Websters Third New International Dictionary-employ respelling systems based on the English alphabet, with diacritical marks over the vowels and stress marks. other commonly encountered alphabetic tradition is the Americanist phonetic alphabet, originally created for the transcription of Native American and European languages. There exist somewhat similar traditions employ by linguists of Indic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, and Slavic languages. The difference between these alphabets and IPA is small , although often the specially created characters of the IPA are often abandoned in favour of already existing characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from eastern European orthographies).There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example extIPA, VoQs, and Luciano Caneparis.The IPA is not the only phonetic transcription system in use. The other common Latin-based system is the Americanist phonetic notation, devised for representing American languages, but used by some US linguists as an alternative to the IPA. There are also sets of symbols specific to Slavic, Indic, Finno-Ugric, and Caucasian linguistics, as well as other regional specialties. The differences between these alphabets and IPA are copulationly small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of diacritics or digraphs. different alphabets, such as Hangul, may have their own phonetic extensions. There also exist featural phonetic transcription systems, such as Alexander Melville Bells microscopic Speech and its derivatives.The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets . A transcription that specifically denotes only phonological contrasts may be enclosed in slashes / / instead. If one is in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes one makes a theoretical convey that every symbol within is phonemically contrastive for the language being get down.Phonetic transcriptions try to objectively capture the existent pronunciation of a word, whereas phonemic transcriptions are model-dependent. For example, in The Sound Pattern of English, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle transcribed the English word night phonemically as /nixt/. In this model, the phoneme /x/ is never completed as x, but shows its presence by lengthening the preceding vowel. The preceding vowel in this case is the phoneme /i/, which is pronounced a when long. So pho nemic /nixt/ is resembling to phonetic but underlying this analysis is the belief that historical sounds such as the gh in night may remain in a word long after they have ceased to be pronounced, or that a phoneme may exist in a language without ever being directly expressed. (This was later rejected by both Chomsky and Halle.)For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a base idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a broad transcription in some cases this may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a narrow transcription. These are not binary choices, but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets.Here every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound, but without going into any unnecessary detail. no(prenominal) of these transcriptions make any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds. Instead, they represent certain ways in which it is possible to produce the sounds that make up the word.There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe this word phonemically, but here the differences are generally not of precision, but of analysis. The special symbol for English r is not used, for it is not meaningful to distinguish it from a rolled r. The differences in the letter e reflect claims as to what the essential difference is between the vowels of pretzel and petition there are half a dozen ideas in the literature as to what this may be. The second transcription claims that there are two vowels in the word, even if they cant both be heard, while the first claims there is only one.However, phonemic transcriptions may also be broad or narrow, or perhaps it would be better to say abstract vs. concrete. They may show a fair amount of phonetic detail, usually of a phonemes most common allophone, but because they are abstract symbols they do not need to resemble any sound at all directly. Phonemic symbols will frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as much as possible, under a one sound one symbol policy, or may even be restricted to the ASCII symbols of a typical keyboard. For example, the English word church may be transcribed as in church. A close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as /crc/, which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be explained, especially when they are as divergent from actual / Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in pipes ( ). This goes beyond phonology into morphological analysis. For example, the words pets and beds could be transcribed phonetically as and (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as /pets/ and /bedz/. Because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English, they receive separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, you probably recognize that underneath t his, they represent the same plural ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If you believe the plural ending is essentially an s, as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed pets and beds. If, as most linguists would probably suggest, it is essentially a z, these would be petz and bedz.To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the English word jet is not read as yet. This is done with angle brackets or chevrons jet. It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original languages orthography, and not in English transliteration.Symbol and SoundsThe International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, using as few non-Latin forms as possible.The Association created the IPA so that the sound set of most consonants taken from the Latin alphabet would correspond to internationalist usage. Hence, the letters b, d, f, (hard) , (non-silent) h, (unaspirated) k, l, m, n, (unaspirated) p, (voiceless) s, (unaspirated) t, v, w, and z have the value used in English and the vowels from the Latin alphabet (a, e, i, o, u) correspond to the sound values of Latin i is like the vowel in machine, u is as in rule, etc. Other letters may differ from English, but are used with these values in other European languages, such as j, r, and y.This inventory was extended by using capital or running hand forms, diacritics, and rotation. There are also several derived or taken from the Greek alphabet, though the sound values may differ. For example, is a vowel in Greek, but an only indirectly related consonant in the IPA. Two of these ( and ) are used unmodified in form for others (including , , , , and ) subtly different glyph shapes have been devised, which may be encoded in Unicode separately from their parent letters.The sound values of modified Latin letters can often be derived from those of the original letters. For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex consonants and small capital letters usually represent uvular consonants. Apart from the fact that certain kinds of change to the shape of a letter generally correspond to certain kinds of modification to the sound represented, there is no way to deduce the sound represented by a symbol from the shape of the symbol (unlike, for example, in Visible Speech).Beyond the letters themselves, there are a variety of secondary symbols which aid in transcription. Diacritic marks can be combined with IPA letters to transcribe modified phonetic values or secondary articulations. There are also special symbols for suprasegmental features such as stress and tone that are often employed.Letter FormsThe symbols chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet.For this reason, most symbols are either Latin or Greek letters, or modifications thereof. However, there are symbols that are neither for example, the symbol denoting the glottal stop, , has the form of a gelded straits mark, and was originally an apostrophe. In fact, there are a few symbols, such as that of the voiced pharyngeal fricative, , which, though modified to blend with the Latin alphabet, were providential by glyphs in other writing systems (in this case, the Arabic letter ain)Despite its preference for letters that harmonize with the Latin alphabet, the International Phonetic Association has on occasion admitted symbols that do not have this property. For example, before 1989, the IPA symbols for click consonants were , , -, and -, all of which were derived either from existing symbols, or from Latin and Greek letters. However, except for , none of these symbols was widely used among Khoisanists or Bantuists, and as a result they were replaced by the more widespread symbols , , , , and at the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989.Some of the new symbols were ordinary Roman letters typeset turned ( = upside-down) (e.g. ), which was easily done before mechanical typesetting machines came into use.UsageAlthough the IPA offers over a hundred symbols for transcribing speech, it is not necessary to use all applicable symbols at the same time it is possible to transcribe speech with various levels of precision. A precise phonetic transcription, in which sounds are described in a great deal of detail, is known as a narrow transcription. A coarser transcription which ignores some of this detail is called a broad transcription. Both are relative terms, and both are generally enclosed in square brackets. Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details, or only to details that are relevant to the discussion at hand, and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions, but they make no theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language.Phonetic transcriptions of the word international in two Engli sh dialects. The square brackets indicate that the differences between these dialects are not necessarily sufficient to distinguish different words in English.For example, the English word little may be transcribed broadly speaking using the IPA as ltl, and this broad (imprecise) transcription is an accurate (approximately correct) description of many pronunciations.It is customary to use simpler letters, without a lot of diacritics, in phonemic transcriptions. The choice of IPA letters may reflect the theoretical claims of the author, or merely be a convenience for typesetting. For instance, in English, either the vowel of pick or the vowel of peak may be transcribed as /i/ (for the pairs /pik, pik/ or /pk, pik/), and neither is identical to the vowel of the French word pique which is also generally transcribed /i/. That is, letters between slashes do not have absolute values, something true of broader phonetic approximations as well. A narrow transcription may, however, be used t o distinguish them pk, pik, pik.

Overview of Applications to Flavonoids to Cancer

Overview of Applications to Flavonoids to CancerFlavonoids and its effect on the proliferation of the cellsPublished date suggested that flavonoids have capability to inhibit phosphate protein kinases on their specific sites. Flavonoids interact with Akt/PKB (protein-kinase B), tyrosine kinase P1KC (protein-1 kinase C), PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase signaling pathways. Flavonoids have been reported to activate and inhibit the effects on these signaling pathways by modulating of their constituent expressions (Williams et al., 2004). Flavonoids repressive mechanism has been proved by altering their receptor phosphorylations or engine block growth factor receptor binding. Flavonoids also inhibit Fyn and Lck protein kinases, involved in T cell signaling transport (Calic et al., 2005).PI3K catalyze productions of PIP1 and PIP2. PIP3 may activate the PDK1 which stimulates the Akt/PKB. Of these effects PDK1 is essential for regulator o f cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. wild, Bcl-2, and caspases proteins are responsible for apoptosis, these can be inhbitied by Akt pathway.Several data have been suggested that flavonoids engagely inhibit the PI3K pathway by their interacting their ATP binding sites. MAPK pathway ((ERK2, JNK1 and p38) are responsible for releasing of many extract genes (c-Fos, c-Jun) and those genes which are involved in the antioxidant activity (detoxification enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione-reductase) have also been activated by low level of quercetin.Anti- crabby personous properties of the flavonoidsFlavonoids also have anticancer activities by blocking their cellular mechanism. Flavonoids targets the cell cycle regulator proteins (cycline-dependent kinases and their inhibitors, protein p53 and Rb, E2Fs, ATM/ATR and surviving transition-controlling points G1/S and G2/M) (Sing et al., 2006).Flavopiridol properly inhibits the CDK1-and CDK2 c ell regulating pathways (Vermeulen et al., 2003). Cell proliferation and cell viability ratio of the prostate cancer decreased with manipulation of quercetin. Quercetin bring forth apoptosis with down-regulating mechanism of Hsp90 expression of proteins, resulting in the death of cancer cells by inhibiting the cellular growth. (Aalinkeel et al., 2008). Inhibiting cellular growth and DNA synthetic thinking and blockage of cell cycle at S-phase in squamta cells have been reported with quercetin (Haghiac et al., 2005). Querecetin also prevents growth of nasopharyngeal cancer cells via arrest of cell cycle at G1/S phase (Ong et al., 2004). ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway stimulates the lung cancer which is derived from the A549 cell proliferation have been reported combine inhibitory effects of querecetin and kaempferol (Hung et al., 2007). Quercetin stimulates the protein expressions of p21 and p22 which suppress the cell cycle in HepG2 cells (Mu C et al., 2007).Q uercetin at the concentration of (248uM) down-regulates the mutantp53 expressions which is almost untraceable in the cell lines of the breast cancer. Negative control was too lower as compare to normal gene p53. Quercetin at the dose of 70 uM, having inhibiting activity on cell division, and trysine kinase activity, is an enzyme placed on the cell membrane and is involved in growth factors and signaling transduction in nucleus (Lamson et al., 2000).Scientific data have been reported that flavonoids especially the quercetin having oral anticancer properties. Quercetin inhibits the cellular growth and DNA synthesis depending the dose and timing of the administration. Quercetin bring ind apoptosis with treatment of caspase-3 proteins after 72 hours, and cell necrosis after 24-48 hours in SCC-9 cells. Flow cytometer studies confirmed cell cycle blockage at S-phase with the treatment of quercetin (Haghiac et al., 2005). Quercetin induce cell proliferation of B16-BL6 after 72 hours and a lso caused apoptosis in B16-BL6 cells and reduced the expressions of Bcl-2 and anti-apoptotic proteins (Zhang et al., 2000).Anti-apoptotic properties of the flavonoidsFlavonoids have been reported to induce apoptosis process by trigger off and modulating cellular signaling pathways resulting in death of pre-cancerous and maligne cells, which terminates cancer information or progression. Human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, treated with different concentrations of quercetin shown to inhibited cell death after 24 hours. Inhibition of Akt survival signals have been activated in the treated cells. Rapid decrease in Ser 136 phosphorylation in Bad that is a Akt target have been reported with treatment of LNCaP and 100 uM of quercetin. Quercetin have been shown to reduce the Bcl-XL, Bx ratio and enhances translocation and multimeriation of Bax in the mitochondrial membrane cytochrome-c released by translocation, and the caspase 3, 5, 9 proteins and PARB (poli(ADP-ribose)polymerase). Re markably, quercetin does not induce cellular viability or apoptosis at same concentrations in normal prostatic epithelial cells (Zhanget al., 2000). Exposure of cells for longer time on quercetin induced apoptosis intervened by reduction of thymidylate synthase (Ong et al., 2004). Quercetin induced apoptosis in CNE2 and HK1 cells after 24 hours of treatment and treatment was continued when necrosis was observed.HeLa cells have been exposed on non-toxic flavonoid concentrations which meagrely susceptible to TRAIL induced cell death. TRAIL mediated cytotoxicity in HeLa cells was make upd by apigenin and ginstein but no effect have been documented with kaempfeol and quercetin (Leeet al., 2008). Luteoline induced cell cytotoxicity by suppressing PI3K/Akt (phosphattidylinositol 3-kinase), NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and activates of apoptotic pathways, such as p53 protein (Lin et al., 2008 and Lopez-Lazaro., 2009). At high doses maj ority of the flavonoids suppressors AP-1 activity (activator protein 1) by MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) pathway (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2006).Activation of cellular signaling pathways in cancer and flavonoidsFigures-9. Sources of inflammatory mediators and their originFigure-7. Some diseases and cancers associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)ConclusionOxidative stress brings the changes into the cells resulting in gene mutation which leads to the carcinogenesis. It brings direct or indirect intra and inter-cellular and intercellular transduction and transcription changes by antioxidants. The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and tumor bearing conditions is complex and various mechanisms and substances are involved.clinical evidence suggests that oxidative stress and inflammation linked to free radicles over generation may be the key factor in development of inveterate diseases, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. Excessive nutr ition, stress in combination with sedentary lifestyle, can independently result in overburden of glucose and fatty acid collection with musle, adipose tissue and pancreatic cells. All these factors lead to chronic inflammation resulting in chronic diseases. Published data suggested that the key role of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids as therapeutics agents in the inflammatory diseases including obesity, T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases cancer and aging. Flavonoids are the key modulators of inflammatory molecules.Flavonoids inhibits the AMPK one of the major pathway of inflammation and cancer. Activation of AMPK by flavonoids causes to increase the cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and some studies suggested that it a neoplastic agentFurthermore, inflammation stimulates various inflammatory mediators, chemokines, cytokines, signaling transductions and transcriptional factors overproduction for long periods may lead to chronic inflamm ation which in turn to chronic diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. Better clarification of these mechanisms will be beneficial to the development of efficacious prevention and therapies of inflammation associated cancers. Moreover, effects of flavonoids at molecular mechanism and study also should be carried out on modulatory action effects on transcription levels of the flavonoids should be studied.Fig-4. Anti-inflammatory activities of the flavonoidsSOD- Superoxide dismutase 2- CAT- Catalase 3- GPx- Glutathione peroxidase 4- GR- Glutathione reductase 5- GST- Glutathione S-transferase. 6- GCS- -glutamylcysteine synthetase 7- NADPHNQO1- quinone oxidoreductase-1. 8- HSP70- heat shock proteins. 9- MPO- myeloperoxidase 10- iNOS- inducible nitric oxidase synthase. 11- OH Hydroxyl radical. 12- O2 -superoxide radical. 12- MDA- Malondialdehyde 13- IL-2 interlukins-2 14- FMLP- Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine. 15- TNF-- Tumor necrosis factor . 16- LTB4- Leukotriene B4. 1 7- LTC4- Leukotriene C4. 18- TXB2- Thomboxane B2 19. PGE2- Prostaglandins e2. 20- NF-B- Nuclear Factor Kappa genus Beta 21- ICAM-1- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 22- VCAM-1- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

Mental Imagery: Can a Figment of Imagination Help Performance? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Mental Imagery Can a Figment of Imagination Help Performance?It all comes from the mind. Ive seen the most incredible victory stories...because a person had a dream and it was so powerful no one could touch it. Hed feel it, believe it, think about it all twenty-four hours and night. That would inspire him to do things necessary to get the results he wanted (2). -Arnold Schwarzenegger For the past few weeks, the world has been glued to their television screens, mesmerized by the breathtaking accomplishments of the 2002 exceptional athletes. As an avid watcher of ice skating events, I couldnt help but wonder what athletes like the bronze medallist Micelle Kwan and the gold medallist Sarah Hughes were thinking prior to their final skating acts. Before the final skating event, both skaters physically practiced their performances. I noticed that in addition to physically preparing themselves by repeatedly running through their performances, Sarah and Michelle closed their eyes and li stened to music before they skated. Did mental resource help either of the athletes prepare and successfully melt down their presentations? In other words, what are the effects of mental imagery on the performance of athletes such as Michelle Kwan and Sarah Hughes? Does it make a difference on performance if mental imagery of the desired outcome is absent or present?What is mental imagery? In The Effects of Mental Imagery on gymnastic Performance, Anne Plessinger describes mental imagery as the imagining of the execution of an action without actually performing the action. Plessinger alike explains that mental imagery not only includes visual senses, but also auditory, olfactory and kinesthetic senses (4). Studies have demonstrated that mental imagery prior to athletic performance leads to better results than the execution of the action alone. Plessinger describes an experiment that consisted of a restrain group and an imagery group who were told to complete specific golf skill s. It was concluded that the imagery group performed better because they had higher goals and expectations of themselves (4). Perhaps the mental preparation helped the imagery groups brains acquire the right skills needed. Also, other studies have shown specific physiological differences (breathing, heart rate...etc.) with the addition of mental imagery before performance (1).Does this hateful that mental imagery is linked to motor performance? Would athletes achieve the same or different results if they mentally prepare themselves or not? To answer these questions, I looked at the neurological aspect of mental imagery and motor preparation.

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

plaudit for FriendMy name is Deborah, and Im one of Rons many friends. Karen asked me to contend about Ron from a bikers express of view. At many memorial services, eulogies are sort of like fish stories. Mean people are all at once remembered as good-natured, self-centered people as generous, sinners as saints. Positive traits are exaggerated, negative ones swept under the rug.But today, its not necessary to protract the truth. With Ron, what you adage was what you got. He refused to play games with people, and he was adamant that he didnt bear on time for nonsense like politics and petty disputes. What he DID have time for was people. He was amazingly attuned to early(a) peoples feelings. In my case, Ron would invariably notice if I started getting tired and quiet while we were riding. He noticed before my husband of 30 years didbefore I did myselfand would invariably stroll over with a handful of Tootsie Roll Pops and pink undulate gum to give me a abrasion shot. Onc e he discovered that I shared his enthusiasm over Tootsie Roll Pops, he always do sure to keep a deep enough stash to cover me on trips. He was attuned in other ways as well. On crowd rides, I usually take the tailgunner gravel at the end of the pack, which means that I sometimes have to babysit unskilled riders who constantly speed up and retard down, or who fall approve so far that the rest of the group vanishes from sight. I usually dont mind, but now and then when psyche who should know better rides like that, it drives me crazy. Ron would always sense when I was getting frustrated, and at the next stop hed say, Why dont I ride at the back for a while and give you a break? He didnt make a big consume out of it, but he helped keep rides fun for many of us. Ron was master of a thousand small kindnesses.He also took setbacks in stride, small and larger-than-life ones alike. One time we were heading southwestward toward Austin, and Ron and Karen were riding in front of me . Suddenly there was a small and colorful explosion on the bridle-path behind their bike. I looked down and saw pills--lots of little pills--bouncing in every direction. Then two more explosions occurred, and this time I saw that the bottles were coming from their T-bag.Eulogy for Friend Eulogies EulogyEulogy for FriendMy name is Deborah, and Im one of Rons many friends. Karen asked me to share about Ron from a bikers point of view. At many memorial services, eulogies are sort of like fish stories. Mean people are suddenly remembered as good-natured, self-centered people as generous, sinners as saints. Positive traits are exaggerated, negative ones swept under the rug.But today, its not necessary to stretch the truth. With Ron, what you saw was what you got. He refused to play games with people, and he was adamant that he didnt have time for nonsense like politics and petty disputes. What he DID have time for was people. He was amazingly attuned to other peoples feelings. In my case, Ron would always notice if I started getting tired and quiet while we were riding. He noticed before my husband of 30 years didbefore I did myselfand would invariably stroll over with a handful of Tootsie Roll Pops and pink bubble gum to give me a sugar shot. Once he discovered that I shared his enthusiasm over Tootsie Roll Pops, he always made sure to keep a big enough stash to cover me on trips. He was attuned in other ways as well. On group rides, I usually take the tailgunner position at the end of the pack, which means that I sometimes have to babysit unskilled riders who constantly speed up and slow down, or who fall back so far that the rest of the group vanishes from sight. I usually dont mind, but now and then when somebody who should know better rides like that, it drives me crazy. Ron would always sense when I was getting frustrated, and at the next stop hed say, Why dont I ride at the back for a while and give you a break? He didnt make a big deal out of it, bu t he helped keep rides fun for many of us. Ron was master of a thousand small kindnesses.He also took setbacks in stride, small and large ones alike. One time we were heading south toward Austin, and Ron and Karen were riding in front of me. Suddenly there was a small and colorful explosion on the road behind their bike. I looked down and saw pills--lots of little pills--bouncing in every direction. Then two more explosions occurred, and this time I saw that the bottles were coming from their T-bag.